No - particularly those born after the UK joined in 1973 need no passport.
Yes, you need a passport to travel from England to anywhere outside the EU. You may need a passport, or other acceptable ID for countries in the EU.
If you are not a citizen of the EU you need a passport to enter Spain.
Yes
Yes, you are moving between EU countries and so you need to able to prove your an EU citizen. Some carriers do however allow photo-card driving licenses as proof of ID. I would make sure you have a passport however, you don't want to ruin your trip. If you need a passport quick the passport office will produce you one in a day, you need to book an appointment and this service is at a premium.
Yes, You always need a passport (or EU national identity card) to get in our out of the UK.
You need some valid photographic ID, not necessarily a passport - both states are members of EU. Consult your travel company.
Only if you are British or Northern Irish, otherwise you need your EU ID card or the passport of your country.
For the EU citizen, to travel inside EU (like from Ireland to Poland) a valid ID is required, but not necessary a passport.
You need a passport or an identity card (for EU citizens).
Yes, if you are an EU citizen. EU citizens can travel up to the end date on their passport, and sometimes beyond. No if you are a non-EU citizen. You need to get a new passport.
British and Irish citizens (but not British "nationals" from Hong Kong or other places overseas) can fly within the British Isles with a photocard driving licence.Other EU citizens can use their national ID card.Everyone else still needs a passport.
Standard British passport (EU). The US requires tourist visa for British Overseas (non-EU) passport holders.