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Until around 15 years ago, only three human diseases were recognized as attributable to Bartonella organisms: cat scratch disease caused by B. henselae; Carrion's disease, caused by B. bacilliformus (and limited to South America); and trench fever, caused by B. quintana. Additional pathogenic Bartonella species have been discovered.

Bartonella are intracellular parasites that generally show preference for erythrocytes and endothelial cells in humans. The organisms are found in a wide range of both wild and domestic mammals, including cattle, rodents, dogs and cats. The various Bartonella species appear to be adapted to specific hosts. Cats are the main reservoir for B. henselae, which causes approximately 20,000 reported cases of cat scratch disease per year in the United States. (As with many reportable diseases, however, the true incidence of CSD is underreported and generally believed to be considerably higher.) Bartonella are also found in numerous arthropods, including fleas (a known vector of CSD), biting flies, lice and ticks.

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