Yes there are a number of active volcanoes on Earth.
Presumably.
This is known as a volcanic eruption.
The nitrogen is different between the two.
Convection
Plutonic activity is another term of volcanic activity. Plutonism is a geologic theory that states the rocks that form the planet Earth were formed through volcanic activity.
Seafloor spreading
Io is subject to intense volcanic activity, far beyond the volcanic activty on Earth. This prevents any ice from accumulating on its surface.
Possibly.
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Yes, at least Mt Erebus is active -- the southern-most active volcano on earth.
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old. It does not show any sign of volcanic activity.
is affected by volcanic activity and the atmosphere.