Philip of Macedon defeated the combined armies of Thebes and Athens at Chaeronea in 338 BCE. Sparta was not involved.
They were already allies, Sparta having supported the establishment of the democratic regime in Athens. When the Persians sent the punitive expedition against Athens for interfering in Asia Minor, Athens called on Sparta for support, however the Spartans arrived to late to join in the battle at Marathon. With the Persian decision to take over all the Greek city-states, the cities had the option of either agree, as did some of the cities, or fight against it. Sparta and Athens both agreed to join with the city-states which resisted.
Ancient Greece was a fun place to be at!
Hippocrates was from the island of Kos, not from Athens or Sparta. He is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine" and is best known for the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of texts that laid the foundations of medical practice. His work emphasized the importance of observation and clinical practice. Thus, while he may have interacted with both city-states, his origins were not tied to either Athens or Sparta.
The women of Sparta had rights, participating in sports and open lifestyle, compared with Athenian women who were kept in purdah in the home rearing children and working in the house and garden.
The generals on either side who changed during the course of the 27-yer war - scores of them.
Greek cities habitually resolved problems by either war or the arbitration by another city. Athens and Sparta had varied relations over several centuries, sometimes as allies, sometimes as adversaries.Their main contest was the Peloponnesian War, when Athens was intervening against Sparta's allies, who demanded Sparta's support.We today call this the Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE.
They had little option - after agreeing to peace after the first seven years, Athens ramped up the pressure again and war resumed - either the Peloponnesian League had to give way to an expansionist Athens, or fight it out.
Athens changed to increasing forms of democracy from 508 BCE, becoming a radical democracy 50 years later. Sparta was always a limited democracy - a state which relied on its citizen body to form its army had to give them the option of directing the state, or they either wouldn't fight, or would fight to overturn the government.
The Peloponnesian war was fought between the city states of ancient Greece with leading cities Athens and its allies vs Sparta and its allies. It lasted 27 years and Athens was defeated. Overall the total number of city states lost power and prepared the field for the Macedonian rule that followed.
No. Sparta didn't grant citizenship to very many men, either.
One's preference for living in either Sparta or Athens of ancient times must depend very much on one's own particular values and principles. Those who most admire social stability, military excellence, and a strict, fixed code of conduct will likely prefer Sparta. Those who place more emphasis on individual choice and initiative, artistic and philosophical excellence, and fluid codes of conduct will likely prefer Athens.
He claimed Philip was a despot whose lust for power allowed him no rest while territory remained unconquered. His view was coloured by personal hatred. Demosthenes' political opponent in Athens, Aeschines, had a somewhat different view. Basically, Demosthenes preferred that Athens dominated Greece rather than either Macedonia or Sparta, and both those were therefore natural enemies. And of course his opposition gave him the stage on which to advance his own political career.