No, the brakes have nothing to do with the drive shaft.
Check your brakes(pads and rotors)
It depends on your driving style and the condition of the calipers. If you ride the brakes or otherwise drive in such a manner as to cause the brakes to overheat, the rotors will warp prematurely. If you are constantly in stop-and-go driving conditions you will wear out the brake pads and rotors much faster than someone who drives greater distances and seldom uses the brakes. I've seen some people who get little more than 20,000 miles from brakes and/or rotors. My last brake pads and rotors had over 70,000 miles when I changed them, but then, we drive long distances here.
If you hear the squealing when applying the brakes, the pads are worn out and need replacing ASAP. Failure to replace the pads immediately will result in worn out rotors which will also need replacing. If the squealing noise is not when braking it may be a worn drive belt.
if you are driving and you go to stop, then that means that the front rotors are warped. if the front rotors are bad, you will feel a pulsation in pedal while applying brakes. change rotors on front.
Could be a drive belt or brake warning device. Check your belts, and have your brakes inspected. More than likely this is your brakes. There is a metal warning device that will make a noise like you describe when the pads wear to a certain point. This indicates they need replacing. Ignore this warning and you will ruin the rotors.
They need replacing when they wear out. They could wear out at 23,000 miles if you drive hard with lots of stops or ride the brake with your foot. It is not normal for them to need replacing that quickly but it all depends on how you drive.
The drive belt may be slipping or going bad.
The brakes may be hot after a long drive, and the water will cause rapid cooling, possibly warping the brake drums or rotors.
More then likely your front brakes are worn, take it in to get it serviced. Needs new brake pads and rotors turned.
that depends on how often you drive. best way to determine if brakes need changing, is to look at brake fluid resevoir. if level is low, your linings are worn and either need replacing or renewing
If your handbrake won't go down, leaving your parking brake on, you wouldn't want to drive it until you can fully release the parking brake. if you drive with the parking bake on, it will heat up the rotors of your brakes, possibly warping them, and you will lose all braking power until the rotors cool down. that could easily cause a collision.
Depends entirely on how you drive. If you come up to stop signs and signal lights and slam on the brakes and stop hard, or you drive at high speed and make sudden stops, your brakes will not last long. If your drive with your foot on the brake expect to be replacing them quite often. However if you drive easy and let off the accelerator long before you are going to stop and do not drive fast your brakes will last a long time. The average is around 50,000 miles but you may get 75,000 miles out of the front brakes and 100,000 out of the rear brake pads. All based on how you drive.