No. It contracts in the direction of velocity vector.
No, because the orbital is really just an abraction - the electron isn't racing around the orbital like a racecar, so there isn't a speed. The orbital is a better measure of the electrons potential energy.
Light can be considered as a wave, or as a particle. As a particle, the particles are called photons. As a wave, light is an electromagnetic wave. In either case, the speed of light (in a vacuum) is approximately 300,000 km/sec.
"c" is usually used, in this context, for the speed of light. If such a particle has the speed of light in one frame of reference, then, strange as it may seem, it will have the speed of light in ANY frame of reference.
If you accelerate it close to the speed of light it's mass increases in your frame of reference.
A photon is said to be "massless", meaning that it has no REST MASS (of course, having energy, it also has an equivalent mass).In a vacuum, a photon can ONLY move at the so-called speed of light (about 300,000 km/second). "Regular" particles can ONLY move at sub-light speed. They can get close to the speed of light, but never quite reach it.
No, because the orbital is really just an abraction - the electron isn't racing around the orbital like a racecar, so there isn't a speed. The orbital is a better measure of the electrons potential energy.
A non-relativistic particle is any particle not traveling at a speed close to the speed of light. This is not a property of particular type of particle; any particle may in general travel at any speed (below the speed of light). An exception are particles which are massless such as photons and gluons, these MUST travel at the speed of light.
No. The more energy the accelerator can give the particle, the closer the particle can approach to the speed of light, but it can never reach exactly that speed.
No particle can reach the speed of light. Mass increases with speed, and the particle would become infinitely massive as it came closer to the speed of light.
Photons begin their existence travelling at the speed of light, they do not "acquire" this speed.
Well, if it is a particle of light (a photon) it takes about a second and a half. If it is any other particle, one that does not move at the speed of light, then you have to define a speed for it.
No.
In a vacuum, a photon can ONLY move at the speed of light. A regular particle can ONLY move at speeds less than the speed of light.
Engines cannot travel at light speed. The only thing that can travel at this speed is the Photon, the particle of light.
Sometimes artificial transmutations will not occur unless bombarding particles are moving at extremely high speeds, and since a particle accelerator can accelerate a particles speed very close to the speed of light, then you would have to use a particle accelerator to make the transmutation happen.
Light can be considered as a wave, or as a particle. As a particle, the particles are called photons. As a wave, light is an electromagnetic wave. In either case, the speed of light (in a vacuum) is approximately 300,000 km/sec.
no, no material particle can approach the speed of light.