Always is pronounced 'all ways' or 'awlways'.
If by "short a" you mean the /æ/ sound in "cat" (/kæt/), then the answer is no:
"always" is pronounced /ˈɔːlweɪz/.
Yes, "is" is always a short vowel word with the short vowel sound /ɪ/.
Hand has a short A sound. Always remember, the long vowel sounds always sound just like the letter is pronounced, except for U, which may sound like "ooh."
The -ing suffix is practically always a short I sound.
No. The first A has an AW sound (caret O) and the second A has a long A sound as part of the AY pair.
No. A single e at the end of a word is always short.
The word asked has a short a sound, like the a in cat.
The word 'sneaker' does not have the short e sound. The combination EA makes the long E sound as in sneak and peek. The EA pair does not always make the long E sound. For example EA in the word 'bread' is a short E sound, and in the word 'break' it has a long A sound.
Yes, the word "lump" has a short "u" sound, not a short "a" sound.
The word "was" has a short U vowel sound (wuz).
The word "stranger" has a short a sound.
The word "rapid" has a short vowel sound. The "a" in "rapid" is pronounced as the short vowel sound "æ".
Yes, the word "cup" has a short 'uh' sound rather than a short 'a' sound.