Yes.
when a cow has a calf she gives milk for as long as the calf needs it which is about a year, though it will vary between breeds and between individual animals and until you breed her back and she has another calf will she then produce milk again.
It varies from one cow to another. She may be freshening for a couple weeks before she even begins springing (or giving birth), or she may start freshening the second after the calf has hit the ground.
Yes, you can a bottle calf regular home milk. You want to warm the milk to luke warm before you feed it just like milk replacer. It has no advantage over milk replacer, but will help in a pinch.
No, cows must be delivered of a calf in order to lactate, or produce milk. Most large dairy farms will remove the calf from the cow right after birth and give it milk replacer, and this will allow the cow to be milked to maximum.
The colostrum of cattle is the first milk from a cow to her calf used to not only feed the calf but provide the calf with a start up of the calf's' immune system. It is milk that is comprised of immunoglobins and antibodies which help boost the calf's immune system by feed it antibodies that the cow has generated or received from vaccinations prior to giving birth.
A few weeks. Often the calf will die of starvation before then, if you either don't milk the cow out and tube the calf with her milk, try to make the calf suckle as much as you can, or if you don't bottle-feed the calf. So make sure you are caring for the calf if the calf can't suckle from his momma.
This depends on the cow, actually. Some cows may start lactation right after her calf is born, others (and this may refer to most) will start freshening (producing milk) a few days to even a few weeks prior to giving birth. One of the classic signs that a cow is about to give birth is that her udder and teats start to engorge themselves with milk.
This is the period where the cow is producing milk, and is always after giving birth to a calf.
A calf needs milk until he's 3 months of age, but most producers like to have them on the cow for another three to five months before weaning them.
Try to give her a kick-start by giving her a shot of Oxytocin (or an injectible hormone that is similar to encourage milk production) to help encourage her to start producing milk. If that isn't effective, cull her. I hope you are bottle-feeding the calf at this time, because the calf is more important now than the cow.
She will dry up after her calf is weaned or you stop milking her. So, typically, she will dry up 6 to 10 months after giving birth, if she is kept to produce milk for that period of time. If she has produced a dead calf and you don't have any serrogate calves you can put on her, or have no use to use her for milk production, then she should dry up after a few days to a couple weeks.
It depends. Is she a beef cow or dairy cow? Are you wanting to keep the cow with the calf or separating the calf from the cow? Usually with beef cows you don't bother with milking them unless you have to because the calf isn't up and suckling soon after birth and you want to encourage the calf to be up and suckling, or to get some milk from a cow or heifer that won't accept her calf right away to feed that calf with. With dairy cows, though, if you've separated the calf from the cow right away, it's ideal to milk that cow to collect the colostrum to feed that calf--and other calves--to the benefit of the calf's health. But, if you are wanting to keep the calf with the cow for a couple of days, then no, it's not necessary.