chlorophyll; water
The electrons that are passed to NADPH during noncyclic photophosphorylation were obtained from water. The ultimate electron and hydrogen acceptor in the noncyclic pathway is NADPH+.
In the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis, electrons from water are used to generate NADPH and ATP to drive the Calvin cycle. This pathway involves both Photosystem I and II working together to produce energy-rich molecules for carbon fixation. It is essential for the production of organic compounds in plants.
A redox reaction contain oxidation and reduction half reaction you can prove it by using oxidation numbers
Electrons flow through the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The pathway starts with NADH and FADH2 passing their electrons to complex I and complex II, respectively. The electrons then flow through the complexes, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
in non-cyclic the electrons do not return the source and the cyclic the electrons come back to the source. Mostly the non-cyclic process occurs to produce ATP AND NADH which will be used by the Calvin cycle to produce the carbohydrate but some times there occurs a cyclic process to produce ATP to cope up with Calvin cycle as it requires more ATP than the NADH In addition to the above, cyclic electron flow could operate independent of photosystem II. The production of oxygen and NADPH take place in non-cyclic electron flow and the system could switch to cyclic flow upon accumulation of oxygen and NADPH
The pathway is termed fermentation. In fermentation, organic products like pyruvic acid accept electrons in order to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
citric acid cycle- nadhelectron transport chain- oxygen
The Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis that bacteria can use to break down glucose and produce energy. It involves a series of chemical reactions that ultimately result in the production of pyruvate and other precursor molecules for biosynthesis. The ED pathway is less common than glycolysis but is more efficient in terms of ATP production per glucose molecule.
A pathway that electricity travels through is called a circuit. It consists of a closed loop that allows for the flow of electrons from a power source through wires and components, back to the power source.
Two key substances needed for conduction are electrons and a conductive material. Electrons serve as the charge carriers that move through the material, while the conductive material provides a pathway for the electrons to flow.
Afferent pathway
The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This process creates a proton gradient that is used to drive ATP synthesis.