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Assyria conquered Israel, then Babylon conquered Assyria and Judah, then Persia conquered Babylon, then the Seuclid Empire conquered Judah, then the Judeans revolted, then Rome conquered Judah, then the Islamic Caliphate conquered the Byzantine Empire (the remains of the Roman Empire). The Ottoman Empire conquered Judah from the Cusaders who had conquered it from its Islamic rulers. Then the British Empire took it from the Ottomans.
Ethiopia is an Orthodox Christian country with around 30% Muslims.
Damascus was conquered during the reign of second Rightful Caliph Hazrat Omar (RAU). It became Islamic in 638 CE.
Egypt was conquered by Cambyses II, the ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, the second of the four pre-Islamic Persian Empires
No, however, 30% of Ethiopia population are Muslims (as of October 2009, per Pew Forum study)
higher taxes required of non-Muslims
Christianity and Islam are the most common religions in Ethiopia, but there might be some Jewish people too. Christianity has been in Ethiopia longer than Islam.
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Islam entered into East Africa at the very beginning of the Islamic period, around 700 AD. Muslim traders introduced Islam to the East African coast, and the growth of commerce caused the religion to spread.
Macedonia conquered the Persian Empire and attempted to impose Greek culture. This was partially successful, but progressively was overlaid by other incoming cultures such as Roman and then Islamic.
I am not sure what "the" Islamic Empire is. There have twenty-five or so different Islamic Empires. However, there are some territories that the Ottomans conquered which had never been conquered before by any Islamic Empire. These territories were primarily in southeastern Europe and included, Constantinople/Istanbul, Greece, and most of its islands, all of the Yugoslav countries, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary and assorted pieces from other bordering European nations. Additionally, the Ottoman Empire brought Eritrea and Djibouti into an Islamic Empire for the first time.