Due to faulting or folding.
"Folding" is the term that describes the bending of rock layers due to stress.There are different types of Folds and these include:Anticlinal Folds: This is when the rock layers have an upward-arching folds.Synclinal Folds: This is when the rock layers have a downward, trough-like folds.Monoclinal Folds: This is when both rock layers ends are horizontal.
Crustal deformation. That is, when pieces of the Earth's crust change shape due to tectonic forces.
Faulting.
Folding typically occurs in rock layers due to excessive heat and force. When rocks fold against each other they form interesting rock layers.
Due to faulting or folding.
Whenfolding, faulting, and uplifting occurs, the youngest rock layer can not always be on top. With folding the oldest rock layer could get folded over on top of a younger layer. When faulting occurs a younger rock layer can become "lower" or pushed more down in the rock layers that was originally shown. When these things happen, then rock layers can become out of order and the youngest layer is not always on the top of the layer.
Tectonics.
"Folding" is the term that describes the bending of rock layers due to stress.There are different types of Folds and these include:Anticlinal Folds: This is when the rock layers have an upward-arching folds.Synclinal Folds: This is when the rock layers have a downward, trough-like folds.Monoclinal Folds: This is when both rock layers ends are horizontal.
tilting, folding, and faulting may also complicate the analysis of a stratigraphic sequence. Additionally, molten rock may force its way through surrounding rocks and might squeeze between older rock layers, also forming an exception to the laws. However, such anomalies leave physical evidence for geologist to find in the disturbed rocks - for example, faulted rock layers may be cracked, broken, or metamorphosed along the fault lines.
Crustal deformation. That is, when pieces of the Earth's crust change shape due to tectonic forces.
Most rock layers (and ALL sedimentary layers) start out flat. Folding changes the angle of lie (even to perpendicular and beyond).
Faulting.
both tectonic folding and faulting
Folding typically occurs in rock layers due to excessive heat and force. When rocks fold against each other they form interesting rock layers.
Folding.
Folding is the bending of rock layers due to stress.