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What else can I help you with?
Is zofran a benzo?
No, Zofran is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist while benzodiazapines are GABA-a agonists. The 5-HT3 receptor controls inhibitory processes for the GABA sites, so antagonizing the 5-HT3 site, as Zofran does, may result in GABA stimulation as a byproduct, however it does not directly stimulate the GABA receptors, unlike Benzos.
How does the 5-HT3 serotonin receptor contribute to the regulation of neurotransmission in the central nervous system?
The 5-HT3 serotonin receptor helps regulate neurotransmission in the central nervous system by allowing the passage of ions, which affects the release of neurotransmitters like serotonin. This receptor plays a role in controlling communication between nerve cells, influencing various brain functions such as mood, appetite, and cognition.
What is odansetron?
Ondansetron is a medication primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It works as a selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, blocking the action of serotonin in the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Ondansetron is available in various forms, including oral tablets, dissolvable films, and intravenous injections. It is commonly prescribed due to its effectiveness in managing acute nausea and vomiting.
What blocks serotonin receptors?
Serotonin receptors can be blocked by various antagonists, including certain medications known as serotonin receptor antagonists. These include drugs like ondansetron, which blocks the 5-HT3 receptor and is commonly used to prevent nausea and vomiting. Additionally, some antipsychotics and antidepressants may also block specific serotonin receptors to modulate mood and behavior. Other substances, including certain recreational drugs, can also interfere with serotonin receptor activity.
How does anti-emetics work?
Anti-emetics work by blocking the signals in the brain that trigger the sensation of nausea and vomiting. They often target specific receptors involved in the vomiting reflex, such as serotonin (5-HT3), dopamine (D2), or neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors. By inhibiting these pathways, anti-emetics can effectively reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting due to various causes, including chemotherapy, motion sickness, and post-operative effects. Different classes of anti-emetics may be used depending on the underlying cause and patient needs.
List all the essential neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine - synthesized from Choline, Lecithin, and panthothenic acid (B5), or Diethylaminoethanol (DMAE) - Arousal and orgasm - voluntary muscular control and proper tone - enhance energy and stamina - memory - long-term planning - mental focus Dopamine - synthesized from amino acid Levodopa - Alertness - Motivation - motor control - immune function - Ego hardening, confidence, optimism - Sexual Desire - Fat gain and loss - lean muscle gain - Bone density - ability to sleep soundly - Inhibits prolactin - thinking, planning, and problem solving - Aggression - Increase psychic and creative ability - Reduction of compulsivety - Salience and paranoia - Processing of pain - Increase sociability Serotonin (5-HT) - Synthesized from amino acid L-tryptophan with co-factor Niacin (B3), through the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) - Decrease thought - Anaesthesize emotions - Decrease Agression and anger - Decrease Anxiety - Promote satiety and decrease appetite - Elevates Pain threshold - Reduces compulsivety/impulsivety - Decrease Sexual Desire - Orgasm - Thermoregulation (5-HT1A) - Stimulate Emesis (5-HT3) - Cerebrospinal fluid secretion (5-HT2C) - Platelate aggregation (5-HT2A) - Smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation (5-HT2A) - Release oxytocin (5-HT1A) - Learning (5-HT2A & 5-HT4) - Memory (5-HT4) - Neuronal excitation (5-HT2A, 5-HT3, & 5-HT4) - GI motility (5-HT4) - Neuronal inhibition (5-HT1A) - Cerebral vasoconstriction (5-HT1D) - Pulmonary vasoconstriction (5-HT1B) - Presynaptic inhbition (5-HT1B) Norepinephrine - Synthesized from Dopamine with co-factor of vitamin C through the intermediate DOPAC. - Increase physical energy - Reduce compulsivety - Increase heart rate - Increase BP - Aggression - Alertness - Wakefulness/sleep cycle - Memory and learning - Orgasm - Decrease blood flow to extremities - Increase heart rate - Maintenance of attention - Orgasm - Cerebral plasticity Epinephrine - Synthesized from Norepinephrine. Also know as adrenaline, acts as both neurotransmitter and hormone. Oxidizes into Adrenochrome. - increases supply of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles - Surpresses digestion - Increase heart rate and stroke volume - Pupil dilation - constricts arterioles in skin and GI tract - Dilates arterioles in skeletal muscles - Elevates blood sugar levels GABA - synthesized from glutamate - Reduce physical tension - Reduce Anxiety - Reduce Insomnia - Elevates pain threshold - Reduces blood pressure - Decrease heart rate - Reduce compulsivety Prolactin - Inhibition of Dopamine - Decreases sex hormones - estrogen in women, testosterone in men - Stimulates proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for the formation of myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system. Nitric oxide - vasodilation, thins blood - reduces platelate stickiness, blood coagulation, wound healing - vasopressin release - stimulation of guanyl cyclase > GTP > cGMP. GMP lays a role in the relaxation of smooth muscle (including penis to facilitate erection), the inhibition of platelet aggregation and participates in signal transduction within the nervous system. Moreover, cGMP is involved in the regulation of the water and electrolyte balance as well as in the metabolism of the bone. cGMP is also involved in retinal phototransduction--that is the conversion of a light signal received by a nerve receptor, to an electrical signal transmitted to the brain. This might help explain transcendental vision, that is the radical increase in visual acuity and sensory perception in general. - involved in apoptosis, and DNA breakage and mutation - enables macrophages to kill tumor cells and bacteria Histamine - synthesized from L-histidine with co-factors folic acid, niacin, and copper. H1 - Vasodilation - Bronchoconstriction - Smooth muscle activation - separation of endothelial cells (responsible for hives) - Pain and itching due to insect stings - Allergic rhinitis - Motion sickness H2 - stimulates gastric acid secretion - Potent stimulant of cAMP production - increases the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. H3 - presynaptically inhibits the release of a number of other neurotransmitters including, but probably not limited to dopamine, histamine, GABA, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and 5-HT. It leads to inhibition of the formation of cAMP H4 - H4 Receptors mediate Chemotaxis and Calcium Mobilization of Mast Cells Vasopressin - Water retention - raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction (AVPR1A) - Platellate aggregation (AVPR1A) - involved in aggression, blood pressure regulation and temperature regulation. - It has been implicated in memory formation, including delayed reflexes, image, short- and long-term memory (controversial) - increases peripheral vascular resistance and thus increases arterial blood pressure - adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress (AVPR1B) - social interpretation of olfactory cues (AVPR1B) - Gluconeogenesis (AVPR1A) - Social Recognition (AVPR1A) - Increases mental clarity and memory when used as nootropic Oxytocin - spontaneous erections and orgasm - water retention (slight) - inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and vasopressin - bonding - decreased repetitive behaviors and improved interpretation of emotions - Maternal behaviour - increased trust and reduced fear - Affecting generosity by increasing empathy during perspective taking. - inhibition of development of tolerance to various drugs (opiates, cocaine, alcohol), and reduced withdrawals. - impair learning and memory retrieval in certain aversive memory tasks Endocannabinoids - synthesized from an essential fatty acid. Endogenous cannabinoids include anandamine, 2-AG, Noladin Ether, NADA, and OAD - reduce GABA release in interneurons of the basolateral amygdala, thereby helping to extinguish the fear-conditioned response. - Memory - Development of opiate tolerance - control of appetite and food intake - long term potentiation Endogenous opioids - Include Enkephalin, Beta-endorphin, Dynorphin, Endomorphin, Nociceptin, opiorphin, and morphine. Enkephalin is the ligand for delta receptors and also has a high affinity for Mu-opioid receptors. Dynorphin is the ligand for kappa receptors. Beta-endorphin has an affinity for mostly Mu, but also delta and kappa. Endomorphin is the ligand for Mu. Nociceptin for ORL receptors. Opiorphin is found in saliva and inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Enkephalin and B-Endorphin called Enkephalinase. Little is know about the role of Morphine in the body, but speculating from the effects of exogenous morphine, it would bind to Mu-receptors. Mu-1 - Supraspinal Analgesia - Physical dependence Mu-2 - Respiratory depression - Miosis - Euphoria - Reduced GI motility - Physical dependence Kappa - Spinal Analgesia - Sedation - Inhibition of vasopressin release - Miosis Delta - Anti-depressant effects - Analgesia - Physical dependence ORL - Depression - Appetite - Anxiety - Development of tolerance to mu-agonists Sigma Receptors - Little is know about these enigmatic receptors, but possible ligands include DHEA (sigma 1), and endogenous N, N-DMT with slight affinity for both sigma receptors. Effects of sigma receptor stimulation include: - hypertonia (increased muscle tension) - tachycardia - tachypnea (increased breathing rate) - mydriasis (pupil dilation) - Euphoria or dysphoria - anti-depressant effects Other neurotransmitters include Glycine Glutamate and Aspartate - excitatory neurotransmitters that bind to the NMDA receptor. Can be synthesized from L-glutamine, glucose, or lipids. A metabolite of tryptophan in the absence of Niacin may produce kyunerinic acid, is also an NMDA excitatory neurotransmitter. Melatonin - Synthesized from the methylation of serotonin. Regulates circadian rhythms and has powerful anti-oxidant effects. Trace Amines - Include tryptamine, Phenylethylamine, tyramine, octopamine, 3-iodothyronamine, and others. Bind to the TAAR receptors. GHB - bind to GHB receptor(s), and GABAb subunit receptor. Niacin - Also know as vitamin B3, also acts as a neurotransmitter Orexin - Also know as hypocretin. Plays a role in wakefullness and appetite. - Yan Niemczycki Note: There are four criteria by which neurotransmitters are defined. 1. It must be synthesized in the presynaptic cell. 2. It must be released by the presynaptic terminal in sufficient quantities to produce a measurable effect on the postsynaptic cell. 3. When administered artificially, it mimics natural release. 4. A specific, known mechanism exists for it to be removed from the synaptic cleft. Of all the neurochemicals listed here, the following ten actually fit this definition. The remainder are all neuromodulators. 1. Glutamate 2. GABA 3. Glycine 4. Epinephrine (adrenaline) 5. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 6. Dopamine 7. Serotonin 8. Acetylcholine 9. Histamine 10. ATP/adenosine
