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The Air flow meter/sensor measures the volume of air entering the engine. It normally also incorporates an air temperature sensor. If it does not there is usually one fitted somewhere else.

Knowing the volume of air, and it's temperature, enable the fuel injection system to avoid "over fuelling" the engine, as this is not only is a waste of (Very expense) fuel, but also gives rise to excessive levels of pollutants in the exhaust gasses.

It also enables the system to accurately judge when to inject the fuel to get maximum fuel economy.

If you have ever seen a diesel fuelled vehicle giving off clouds of smelly black fumes, this is what the system is trying to avoid.

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Q: Generally an electronically controlled diesel engine is fitted with an air flow sensor what is the purpose of measuring engine air consumption in this application?
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