A type of filter where the effect goes from least to most across the surface of the filter. The assumption is that one portion of the scene deserves more of the modifying effect than the other. Most of the time, this applies to a neutral density filter.
See the question "What does an orange 02 filter do to photographs".
A daylight filter for photography will warm color photos and provide more of a shade like effect to eliminate brightness in a photo.
First piece of equipment needed is a camera set up to handle infrared photography. The most preferred model of camera is Fujifilm IS-1. A infrared filter is also needed. The best brand of filter is a Hoya.
Use a Graduated Neutral Density Filter.
Concentration Gradient
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I don't know all of them, but here are some. Commercial Photography Fashion Photography Medical Photography News Photography Fine Art Photography
find the gradient
The answer depends on the gradient of WHAT!
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what do you mean by gradient of a scalar field? what do you mean by gradient of a scalar field?
basically the reciprocal of the original lines gradient is going to be the gradient for the perpendicular line (remember the signs should switch). For example if i had a line with the gradient of 3, then the gradient of the perpendicular line will be -1over3. But if the line had the gradient of -3, then the line perpendicular to that line will have the gradient 1over3.