Yes, during the Apollo missions to the Moon, the modules orbited the Moon, affording a view all around the Moon.
Only 21 people have ever seen the far side of the Moon; they are all the Apollo astronauts. Since nobody has gone to the Moon in the last 45 years, most people NEVER see the far side of the Moon.
This phenomenon is called a "lunar sunrise." It occurs when sunlight illuminates the far side of the moon as seen from Earth.
No they did not
Yes. The far side of the moon is dark when we see a full moon. It is partially dark at all phases other than the new moon.
Certainly not in our lifetime.
You never see the far side of the moon. Somewhat coincidently the moon has an angular rotation as the earths rotation, and therefore the same side of the moon is always facing earth. The far side is never seen. To the extent that the rotations are not exact, there may be a slight variation over many, many years.
You can use the phrase "dark side of the Moon" - but not as a synonym for "far side of the Moon". The Moon has days and nights like the Earth does, except that lunar days are 28 days long. The far side of the Moon - the part never seen from Earth - also gets days and nights just like the side we see.
Generally, yes, just as we see the moon when it is "up". Earth can be just over the horizon of the moon, or straight up, depending where you are on the moon. The same side of the moon always faces the earth, so from the far side, Earth can never be seen.
The "near" side of the moon is the side that always faces Earth. The "far" side of the moon can only be seen from space. The dark side of the moon is the title of a Pink Floyd album. There is no side of the moon that is always dark.
The near side of the moon always faces Earth due to synchronous rotation, where the moon completes one rotation on its axis in the same amount of time it takes to orbit Earth. This leaves the far side always hidden from view. The gravitational forces exerted by Earth create this tidal locking effect.
Well we can see that by looking through a telescope: craters and maria (seas) as well as plains. The far side of the Moon, which is never seen on Earth, is only seen by lunar orbiters.
The Moon spins at the same rate that it orbits the Earth; once every 27 days. Because of that, the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. Before the Soviet Luna space probes which took photos of the far side of the Moon, no one had ever known what it looked like. People of India cannot see the far side of the Moon? The People of EARTH cannot see the far side of the Moon.