benidicts reagent/solution
it starts off blue, if sugar is present it will go brick red (a shade of)
HLW
it is hlw
High loft wedge
The airport code for Hluhluwe Airport is HLW.
Indeed there is a relationship. Density is equal to the mass divided by the volume (height times width times length). So, height is equal to mass divided by (height times length times width) or H= M/(HLW)
This depends on the material used in the fission process and also on what scale as to what else is produced in a nuclear power plant besides electricity; as a fuel, uranium-235 is often put into use; In the process of fission, where a nucleus absorbs a neutron, it becomes unstable and splits into two daughter nuclei, usually of either barium, strontium or krypton (for the fission of uranium-235) these are some of the products released. Along with those elements, neutrons are also dispersed; these are absorbed by boron rods in the nuclear reactor. Heat energy is also released, which heats the water in the pressurised water reactor, which produces steam to drive turbines, which create kinetic energy, which is transferred into electrical energy in a generator and so on. The nuclear waste produced from the whole process is classed as Low Level Waste (LLW), Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) and High Level Waste (HLW)-HLW being potentially the most dangerous of the three and has also caused some controversy in the disposal of this waste. Hope this has helped :)
Yes, we could launch nuclear waste into the Sun. The problem with the concept is simple economics. It presently costs US$20 million to US$30 million to launch even a small payload of 1200 pounds (544 kg). NASA indicates an average cost of US$450 million to launch a Space Shuttle craft, with a payload capacity of 50,000 pounds (22,700 kg). So with spacecraft we are talking about payloads of thousands of pounds, but with nuclear waste we are talking about millions of tons! If you consider only the highest level radioactive waste (HLW), the amount of HLW produced worldwide each year is approximately 53,000,000 pounds (24,000,000 kg); that's nearly 1100 Space Shuttle payloads each year, 3 Space Shuttles launched nearly every single day! In addition to high level waste there is low level waste, intermediate level waste, transuranic waste, along with huge amounts of contaminated soil and water. There is not only the waste that we are now producing, but we have an accumulation of nuclear waste from the past 60 years. It is unlikely that we could ever come up with enough fuel to launch all of our nuclear waste into space with the technology we now have. Future developments in applied physics might make it possible to do this with at least part of our most problematic wastes.
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In the U.S., radioactive waste is divided into three main types, classified according to their activity, their heat generation potential, and what they physically contain. These three main levels are low level waste (LLW), transuranic waste (TRU), and high level waste (HLW). For each of these types of waste, there is a specific disposal solution -- above ground storage or shallow burial for low level waste and deep repository storage for transuranic and high level wastes. In most other countries, nuclear waste is categorized as low level waste, intermediate level waste, and high level waste. The reason for this different classification system is that in the U.S. waste is classified based on where it comes from; in most other countries, waste is classified according to what the effects of the waste might be. In both classifications, low level waste represents about 90% of all radioactive waste
I don't think any country has got that far yet, though many have talked about it. We should distinguish between storage and disposal. Storage has to be provided as more and more spent fuel accumulates. In some countries it is being chemically treated and made into vitrified blocks, in the US almost entirely still held complete on the power plant sites. Disposal means placing in a repository where it will stay permanently without the need for further treatment. Sweden seems advanced in planning for this. In the UK it has been argued about for decades but no decision come to. In the US it appears to have been put on the back burner.The following passage is taken from www.world-nuclear.orgwhich is worth looking at.'Deep Geological DisposalAt the present time, there are no disposal facilities (as opposed to storage facilities) in operation in which used fuel, not destined for reprocessing, and the waste from reprocessing can be placed. Although technical issues related to disposal have been addressed, there is currently no pressing technical need to establish such facilities, as the total volume of such wastes is relatively small. Further, the longer it is stored the easier it is to handle, due to the progressive diminution of radioactivity.There is also an increasing reluctance to dispose of used fuel because it represents a significant energy resource which could be reprocessed at a later date to allow recycling of the uranium and plutonium.Many countries are developing plans for disposal of HLW in geological repositories buried in stable rock formations hundreds of metres beneath the surface.The process of selecting appropriate sits for deep geological repositories is now under way in several countries with the first expected to be commissioned some time after 2010. Finland and Sweden are well advanced with plans and site selection for direct disposal of used fuel, since their p arliaments decided to proceed on the basis that it was safe, using existing technology. The USA has opted for a final repository in Nevada . There have also been proposals for international HLW repositories in optimum geology.
Let us begin with first saying that Volume will almost ALWAYS be greater than surface area considering it is in units cubed (to the third power, e.g. x^3) and surface area is units squared (to the second power, e.g. x^2) However, I don't think this is the question. Yes volume can be greater than surface area. Example: There is a cube with the dimensions 7x7x7 (V=hlw)The volume of this cube is going to be 7^3, or 7x7x7 = 343 (Sa=6lw)The surface area would be 6(7x7) or 6x7x7 = 294 A perfect example of when the NUMBER representing surface area is smaller than volume. Hope this helped! I'm actually on this subject right now in Eighth, so there's my bibliography, the good old noggin'. ---------------------------------- You cannot discreetly compare volume and surface area and claim that one is bigger. You could do it numerically, and the volume of a solid can numerically be greater, equal, or less than the surface area depending on what units you use. Consider a cube with side length 1 meter. V = 1 m3, SA = 6 m2 <-- here, the surface area is numerically larger Now suppose we say the side length of the cube is 100 centimeters: V = (100 cm)3 = 106 cm3, SA = 6*(100 cm)2 = 6*104 cm2 <-- here, volume is numerically larger. In both cases, we had a cube with the same dimensions but different units. This shows why we cannot easily say that the volume of a solid is greater or less than the surface area since they have different units (unit2 vs. unit3) and we can use a different unit (m vs. cm) and produce entirely different results.
This information comes from Wikipedia, article on nuclear wasteLow level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear fuel cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, etc., which contain small amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity. Commonly, LLW is designated as such as a precautionary measure if it originated from any region of an 'Active Area', which frequently includes offices with only a remote possibility of being contaminated with radioactive materials. Such LLW typically exhibits no higher radioactivity than one would expect from the same material disposed of in a non-active area, such as a normal office block. Some high activity LLW requires shielding during handling and transport but most LLW is suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before disposal. Low level waste is divided into four classes, class A, B, C and GTCC, which means "Greater Than Class C". Intermediate level waste (ILW)contains higher amounts of radioactivity and in some cases requires shielding. ILW includes resins, chemical sludge and metal reactor fuel cladding, as well as contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. It may be solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. As a general rule, short-lived waste (mainly non-fuel materials from reactors) is buried in shallow repositories, while long-lived waste (from fuel and fuel-reprocessing) is deposited in deep underground facilities. U.S. regulations do not define this category of waste; the term is used in Europe and elsewhere. High Level Waste flasks are transported by train in the United Kingdom. Each flask is constructed of 14 in (360 mm) thick solid steel and weighs in excess of 50 tonsHigh level waste (HLW) is produced by nuclear reactors. It contains fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly radioactive and often thermally hot. The amount of HLW worldwide is currently increasing by about 12,000 metric tons every year, which is the equivalent to about 100 double-decker busses or a two-story structure built on top of a basketball court. Transuranic waste (TRUW) as defined by U.S. regulations is, without regard to form or origin, waste that is contaminated with alpha-emitting transuranic radionuclides with half-lives greater than 20 years, and concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg), excluding High Level Waste. Elements that have an atomic number greater than uranium are called transuranic ("beyond uranium"). Because of their long half-lives, TRUW is disposed more cautiously than either low level or intermediate level waste. In the U.S. it arises mainly from weapons production, and consists of clothing, tools, rags, residues, debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements (mainly plutonium). Under U.S. law, TRUW is further categorized into "contact-handled" (CH) and "remote-handled" (RH) on the basis of radiation dose measured at the surface of the waste container. CH TRUW has a surface dose rate not greater than 200 mrem per hour (2 mSv/h), whereas RH TRUW has a surface dose rate of 200 mrem per hour (2 mSv/h) or greater. CH TRUW does not have the very high radioactivity of high level waste, nor its high heat generation, but RH TRUW can be highly radioactive, with surface dose rates up to 1000000 mrem per hour (10000 mSv/h). The United States currently permanently disposes of TRUW generated from nuclear power plants and military facilities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant.