The answer to this question depends entirely on which electrical system you are asking about: if it is a vehicle, the voltage could be 6 volts, 12 volts, 24 volts or even higher, such as the 600 to 1200 volts systems used to power the motors of some electric trains.
For information about voltages used for household electrical services in different countries, please see the answer to the Related Question shown below.
It could be a faulty transformer, a fault in insulation in the wiring, or improper grounding. If you read 80 volts between hot and 'ground', but 120 volts between hot and neutral, then it's most likely a grounding issue.
Single phase or three phase? 120/208 would be measured hot to ground for 120 and hot to hot (phase to phase) for the 208 reading. Any hot to ground will read 120 and any two phases together will read 208.
It is normal to measure 120 volts from black (hot) to white (neutral), and it is normal to also measure 120 volts from black (hot) to bare (ground). While the hot wire stands alone, the neutral and ground wires are tied together at the service entrance -- so either one can serve as reference for making a measurement to the hot wire.
"ungrounded" = floating.
The voltage (AC RMS) between the "hot" wire and the "neutral" wire is 110 VAC (volts alternating current). But it should be noted that the "110" volts supplied to homes can range from 95 to 130 volts, with the present standard now being 120 VAC. In addition, if the circuits are wired in accordance to most local codes, the "neutral' wire is connected to the "ground" wire in the distribution (fuse or circuit breaker panel or box), so the 110 volts will also appear between the "hot" wire (black color coded wire) ,and the ground wire (bare wire, within an insulating jacket carrying the insulated "hot" and "neutral" wires). Note, however, that the "ground" wire is not designed nor intended to carry the "return" current from the "hot" wire, but only as a safety "ground" for currents due to shorted or improperly wired devices connected to the circuit.
AnswerThere is no positive and negative. There is hot and ground. The hot (120 volts AC) is in reference the ground (Earth).
18000 volts clearance
It could be a faulty transformer, a fault in insulation in the wiring, or improper grounding. If you read 80 volts between hot and 'ground', but 120 volts between hot and neutral, then it's most likely a grounding issue.
You should get two glows: Hot to ground, hot to neutral. Neutral to ground should not glow, it should be less than 4 or 5 volts difference, over 50 volts is required to glow.
Single phase or three phase? 120/208 would be measured hot to ground for 120 and hot to hot (phase to phase) for the 208 reading. Any hot to ground will read 120 and any two phases together will read 208.
It is normal to measure 120 volts from black (hot) to white (neutral), and it is normal to also measure 120 volts from black (hot) to bare (ground). While the hot wire stands alone, the neutral and ground wires are tied together at the service entrance -- so either one can serve as reference for making a measurement to the hot wire.
NO, the 480 Volts Y -- is 4 wire system, with three wires which are hot legs @ 480 volts between each three hot legs. A mid tap is a neutral leg (ground) the white wire. Which gives 277 volts between it and any of the three hot legs. so a 4wire 480 volt Y system. Gives 480 /277 volts.
"ungrounded" = floating.
You need two hot legs of 110 volts to make 220. While each led is 110 volts to neutral, between the two hot legs you have 220v. You should have two different hot legs of 110, a neutral and a ground to meet code now a days.
The voltage (AC RMS) between the "hot" wire and the "neutral" wire is 110 VAC (volts alternating current). But it should be noted that the "110" volts supplied to homes can range from 95 to 130 volts, with the present standard now being 120 VAC. In addition, if the circuits are wired in accordance to most local codes, the "neutral' wire is connected to the "ground" wire in the distribution (fuse or circuit breaker panel or box), so the 110 volts will also appear between the "hot" wire (black color coded wire) ,and the ground wire (bare wire, within an insulating jacket carrying the insulated "hot" and "neutral" wires). Note, however, that the "ground" wire is not designed nor intended to carry the "return" current from the "hot" wire, but only as a safety "ground" for currents due to shorted or improperly wired devices connected to the circuit.
60 Volts is generally considered a safe approximate maximum. In many applications that require 120 volts DC, the system will be center tapped so you have +60v and -60 volts so the hot to ground voltage is within safe limits.
Any where between 220 and 240 volts are a nominal figure in the same voltage range. It is brought about by the power company, as they have a responsibility to keep voltages within a certain 10% range. The load will only notice a difference of 1% on the load current. eg. Wattage load of 2400. Amps = watts/volts. 2400/240V = 10 amps. 2400/220V = 10.9 amps.