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They were really built to last. Due to their distance from the sun, they use RTG's to generate energy from radioactive decay. It's an extremely reliable and long-lasting power supply that is still used in modern probes. Although the thermocouples are no longer efficient enough to keep all instruments running, probes like the Voyager 1 are still able to send back basic information. Another major factor that determines the usefulness of far-away probes is the Deep space network. It's an extremely powerful set of antenna facilities spaced around the globe that actually enables us to track the probes and receive data even from such great distances. Voyager probes had increased radiation shielding to pass through Jupiter's radiation belts. Older probes in general have larger electronics with higher charges, making them somewhat less vulnerable.

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Q: How NASAs probes launched in the 70s and 80s are able to still work?
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