Using drivers.
Limiting access to hardware mainly to the HAL increases OS integrity because more control is possible.
Limiting access to hardware mainly to the HAL increases OS integrity because more control is possible.
the very basic os --MS-DOS allows uers to directly have access to hardware
idek
API
Platform-dependent. If you have an OS on your computer, then most likely you cannot access hardware directly from userland programs.
The operating system (OS) manages hardware components, including the CPU, memory, storage, and peripheral devices. It acts as an intermediary between users and the hardware, facilitating resource allocation, process management, and device communication. By efficiently coordinating these components, the OS ensures smooth operation and optimal performance of the computer system.
No, most programs have no access at all to hardware. They call device drivers through the OS to perform input and output. These device drivers are custom written to access the hardware for the device they control. Modern computers use privileged instructions that cause an error if a user program tries to execute them to access hardware. The device drivers have the privilege to execute these instructions and access hardware.
Well, inside the computer, the three main hardware components are RAM (Random Access Memory), The CPU (Central Processing Unit) and the Power Supply (Battery). On the outside, you have the monitor (Screen), keyboard (typey thing) and mouse (What you move the cursor with).
The HAL (hardware abstraction layer) is the layer between the OS and the hardware
They do not. An OS is specific to processor and hardware type.
user mode