Usually with an ADC of some type, but this can vary with the type of sensor. Most modern microcontrollers contain at least one built in ADC usually with a multiplexer allowing measurement of multiple sensors.
Hygrometer is another name for a moisture sensor.
A heart beat counter circuit typically consists of a heart rate sensor connected to a microcontroller (such as Arduino) which processes the sensor data and displays the heart rate on a digital display (such as an LCD screen). The heart rate sensor measures the electrical activity of the heart and converts it into a signal that the microcontroller can interpret. The microcontroller then calculates the heart rate based on the sensor data and displays it on the screen.
A moisture sensor estimates the amount of water in the soil that is being tested. It works by measuring the soil's ability to conduct electricity, higher moisture means more conducting power.
Same as a switch
That depends on the specific microcontroller.
x
The PIC is a specific architecture of microcontroller.
The voltage of the 8031 microcontroller is 2.7V to 5.5V.
The 8051 Microcontroller is a microcontroller ("chip") developed by Intel in 1980.
PIC Microcontroller which means Peripheral Interface Controller. PIC Microcontroller is originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division.
Segger Microcontroller Systems was created in 1991.
to determine the state condition of microcontroller's input when microcontroller is reading the input port