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Heavy duty stuff here! I have never heard of building stones used in airplane construction. a l929 Technical manual describes what we would now call (plasticf) laminates which were poured over steel trusses ( a technique, but using different materials- than reinforced concrete. a very interesting but dead-weight idea. However cement ships were made and used ( for freight purposes) in both Wars of the past century. One survives off Cuba as a hotel.
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How do stalagmites form in limestone caves?
no one noes Yes they do. Precipitation and crystallisation of calcium carbonate dissolved from the limestone by water leaching through the joints, bedding-planes or faults in the rock.
What causes sinkholes and caves?
Sinkholes are typically caused by the erosion of underground rocks such as limestone, leading to the collapse of the surface layer. Caves are formed through a similar process, where water dissolves and erodes the rock over time, creating underground voids. These geological features can also be affected by human activities like mining and construction.
What are horizontal cracks in limestone called?
Limestone is formed in layers called Bedding Planes and the vertical cracks are called Joints. The horizontal cracks are not given a specific name - however I am sure someone will want to contradict this
What is the difference between joints and bedding planes?
Bedding planes are found exclusively in sedimentary rock. Joints are more common in igneous rock, but can be found in sedimentary rock as well. Igneous rock can never have bedding planes, but does have pseudo-bedding planes.
Why can caverns form along joint planes?
The joints, bedding-planes and faults provide conduits for water to penetrate the limestone mass; and it is the water, slightly acidified by absorbed carbon dioxide, that dissolves the rock to form the cave.
What is the clevage of halite?
Cleavage is a property of minerals. Sandstone is a rock type. As such it doesn't have the property of cleavage.Cleavage is a metamorphic fabric. Sandstone is not a metamorphic rock and thus can not display a cleavage.
How does carbonic acid help form caves?
As ground-water it dissolves the calcium carbonate that is limestone's primary mineral, in its flow through the rock's joints, bedding-planes and faults.
What type of deposit form limestone caves?
They don't! Deposits don't form caves, but limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from marine or lacustrine deposits. Caves form within limestone by dissolution of its calcium carbonate by ground-water flowing through the rock's joints, bedding-planes and faults.
What is the importance of jointing and bedding planes to the underground structure of caverns?
They act as conduits for the ground-waterso putting into contact with the limestone to initiatedissolution of the limestone. Consequently they also guide passage directions and morphologies. At a much later stage they control the nature of collapses in large voids.
How are bedding planes formed?
as rocks are compressed
How do limestone caverns form overtime?
Dissolution of the limestone's primary constituent (calcium carbonate) by ground-water passing through the rock's joints, bedding-planes and faults from catchment to rising. To achieve it the water is rendered slightly acid by absorbed atmospheric CO2 (carbonic acid).
Why are cave typically made of limestone?
Limestone is slightly soluble in carbonic acid: rain-water acidified by carbon dioxide dissolved from the atmosphere. As the water seeps down through the joints, faults and bedding-planes within the limestone massif, from catchment area to rising (spring), it dissolves the rock's main constituent, the mineral calcium carbonate.
