It depends on the phosphor. If you want to know exactly how a particular phosphor is made look at the book Inoraganic Phosphos.
Compact Fluorescent lamps, Fireflies, Glowworms, some underground worms!!, and some phosphorescent paints, all contain phosphors.
fluorescent, LEDs
It is not chalk, it is phosphors.
fluorescent
fluorescent, LEDs
A fluorescent bulb
Although I would not recommend it, yes you can as most are non-toxic.If however you meant elemental Phosphorus instead of phosphors, NO, some form of Phosphorus are deadly poisons and white Phosphorus spontaneously ignites on contact with air!!!If you don't know the difference between phosphors and Phosphorus, that is the subject of a different question.
Activators initiate, improve, maintain the luminescence of phosphors.,
Phosphors for fluorescent lights are one.
Phosphors
Ultraviolet Radiation.
Examples are: ZnS, CdS, Y2O3, Y2SiO5, ZnSiO4 etc.