They aren't controlled instantaneously. We still rely on radio waves, and they take a little time to get back and forth from Mars. Depending on where we are relative to Mars, it can take anywhere from 3 to 20 minutes for radio communications to make a one-way trip.
A spacecraft that is controlled from Earth is typically referred to as a teleoperated spacecraft. This means that it is being controlled by operators on Earth rather than operating autonomously.
The Space Shuttle (orbiter).
The orbiter would detach and land in the ocean shortly after take off.
The Space Shuttle was the first spacecraft designed to be reused. It consisted of reusable orbiter vehicles that could return to Earth after completing their missions, as well as solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank that were also reusable.
The primary spacecraft sent to Mercury are NASA's Mariner 10, which made three flybys of the planet in the 1970s, and the MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015. Additionally, the European Space Agency's BepiColombo mission, launched in 2018, is currently en route to Mercury and consists of two spacecraft: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter. As of now, there are no robots or landers on Mercury's surface.
The orbiter.
The Cassini Orbiter is currently orbiting the ringed gas giant, Saturn. Cassini is giving us back on Earth a glimpse at Saturn's ring system, as well as its many moons.
Robotic spacecraft are unmanned vehicles sent into space to explore celestial bodies, perform scientific research, or gather data. They are controlled remotely from Earth and equipped with various instruments and cameras to carry out their missions. Robotic spacecraft have been used to study planets, moons, asteroids, and other objects in our solar system.
No, the only lights the orbiter has externally technically aren't external; they're in the payload bay. Used in orbital night (when the orbiter's in Earth's shadow), even during a spacewalk, or EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity).
This depends on a lot of things such as the distance from the earth, mass, etc.
The gravitational pull between earth and the spacecraft will become insignificant.
When a spacecraft re-enters Earth's atmosphere, it is commonly referred to as "re-entry." This process involves the spacecraft descending from space and encountering atmospheric resistance, which generates intense heat due to friction with the air. Proper heat shielding and controlled descent are crucial to ensure the safety of the spacecraft and its occupants during this critical phase.