Assembly language code is the lowest-level form of programming before Machine code (binary), and each command in Assembler code directly references binary commands which tell the CPU what to do.
Most devices communicate with the operating system using application software.
Peripherals
Kind of a vague question, but computer ports are needed so different devices (such as a mouse or keyboard) can communicate with your computer, and allow you to use it.
network interface card
That would be the network card or modem.
People without lips can still communicate effectively through alternative methods such as sign language, writing, using communication devices, or relying on facial expressions and body language.
A programming language that is machine-independent is called a "high-level" language - this includes Java, C++, Python, etc. A programming language that is machine-dependent is called a "low-level" language. For PCs, this usually includes assembly, binary code or some proprietary languages on embedded devices.
A bus. (Bus - a path for devices and computer components to communicate with one another.)
Few computer devices communicate directly to the monitor...the only one is the video card. Some video cards are built into the motherboard, called an integrated video card, and some fit into an expansion slot like an AGP slot, a PCI slot, or a PCI-E slot. In fact, computers run JUST FINE without a monitor attached....the monitor is there only so you know what the computer is doing. All other devices inside or attached to the computer communicate directly through the motherboard. The monitor is the human-readable "presentation" of what is going on inside the computer!
In a PC, an optical transiever is a computer chip. It works by using fiber optic technology which allows it to communicate between the computer and other devices.
The best way to communicate with your other personal computer when away is through remote sharing. Most computers have the ability to enable remote sharing with password set-up to allow communication from other devices and locations.
Data integrity