Stellar temperature can be measured by analysing the spectrum of light that stars emit; shorter wavelengths correspond to higher temperatures.
not enough info
How do they measure what?
Astronomers use ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic waves to determine the hottest stars. These stars emit significant amounts of their energy in the ultraviolet spectrum due to their high temperatures, often exceeding 30,000 Kelvin. By analyzing the UV light they emit, astronomers can gauge their surface temperatures and understand their physical properties. This information is crucial for studying stellar evolution and the characteristics of different types of stars.
An isotherm might have something to do with it--but it does not measure the angle of isolation. I guess that astronomers detect the angle of the earth from the sun and then measure the temperatures of the atmosphere. Just a guess though.
Stellar Parallax Astronomers estimate the distance of nearby objects in space by using a method called stellar parallax, or trigonometric parallax. Simply put, they measure a star's apparent movement against the background of more distant stars as Earth revolves around the sun.
Parallax is the method that astronomers use to measure the distance from the sun to the earth.
The seven fundamental stellar spectral types are O, B, A, F, G, K and M. Also, what are their relationships to the stellar temperatures?
Astronomers use the patterns of lines observed in stellar spectra to sort stars into a spectral class. Because a star’s temperature determines which absorption lines are present in its spectrum, these spectral classes are a measure of its surface temperature. There are seven standard spectral classes.
Astronomers measure the temperature of stars by analyzing the light they emit. They use a method called spectroscopy to break down the light into its different wavelengths. By studying the intensity of different wavelengths, astronomers can determine the temperature of a star. This crucial aspect of stellar characteristics helps astronomers understand the life cycle and behavior of stars.
It is possible that someday astronomers will measure all the distances of the 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
Binaries, or binary star systems, are crucial to astronomers because they provide valuable insights into stellar masses, compositions, and evolutionary stages. By observing the orbital dynamics of binary stars, astronomers can accurately determine their masses using Kepler's laws, which is essential for understanding stellar formation and evolution. Additionally, binaries can reveal information about stellar interactions and phenomena such as mass transfer, which can lead to the formation of exotic objects like neutron stars and black holes. Overall, studying binaries enhances our comprehension of the universe's structure and the life cycles of stars.
Pressumably, they didn't have the high-precision devices required to measure those angles. You must consider that we are talking about extremely small angles - even the closest star has a parallax of less than one arc-second (1/3600 of a degree).