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1. Respiratory "Pump". Pressure changes that occur in the thorax during breathing. 2. Muscular "Pump". Contraction and Relaxation of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins.
Relaxation = Diastole Contraction of the atria=Atrial systole Contraction of the ventricles = Ventricular systole
muscular activitybreathing muscle contraction peristalsis
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The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter, thus changing the level of pressure (large diameter yields low pressure and smaller diameter yields high pressure).
Blood pressure in the arteries is greatest during systole. Systole is the period of heart contraction, while diastole is the period of heart relaxation.
The force exerted on the arterial walls during cardiac contraction is systolic blood pressure. In contrast, diastolic blood pressure is the force exerted during cardiac relaxation.
Both ventricular contraction and atrial diastole take place.
The Relaxation Response, by Harvard cardiologist Herbert Benson, showed that meditation and breathing techniques for relaxation could have the opposite effect of stress, reducing blood pressure and other indicators.
Really, I know just a factor which is that the veins have a valve which helps to push the blood. This is because the vein has a thin muscular wall and low pressure. Therefore,the valve is there to prevent the flow back of blood.
costa is just the fancy term given for ribs. Intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and contract to allow your lungs to suck in air and expand. Costal breathing (shallow breathing) occurs when negative intrapulmonary pressure(normally majorly achieved by diaphragmatic contraction / flattening) is achieved by contraction of the external intercostalis muscle.
basic life functions and muscular coordination.