The atmosphere moderates temperature changes, keeping the surface warm at night and cool in the day.
Without an atmosphere on Earth the temperature would probably go from about +100 degrees to -100 degrees every 24 hours. The atmosphere keeps it nicely within a range of ten degrees usually.
Carbon dioxide allows radiant heat through to the Earth's surface but blocks heat being radiated away from the surface which is at a relatively low temperature. So it produces a 'greenhouse' effect which raises the surface temperature, but only by a little at present.
On Venus, which has a 95% carbon dioxide atmosphere, the greenhouse effect has made the surface temperature 400-500 degrees C.
Venus
Greenhouse gases affect the temperature of the atmosphere. They capture the sun's heat and warm the planet.
The composition of a planet's atmosphere is another important factor in determining its temperature. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the planet's surface and contribute to the overall temperature.
Venus has the highest average surface temperature of any planet in our solar system, reaching about 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius). This extreme temperature is due to its thick atmosphere, which is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps heat.
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The two factors that affect the amount of sunlight received by a planets surface would be how close it is to the sun and how much of an atmosphere it has. This is because an atmosphere will trap heat.
There are a number of factors which affect the surface temperature of planets. First, there is sunlight which is a source of warmth. Then, there are various types of atmosphere, which retain warmth to varying degrees. Then, there is the radiation of heat into space, by means of infrared radiation, which happens on the side of the planet that faces away from the sun, and cools the planet.
Venus has the highest average surface temperature due to its thick atmosphere that traps heat, creating a greenhouse effect. Neptune has the lowest average surface temperature, being the farthest planet from the Sun and having a frigid atmosphere.
The atmosphere moderates temperature changes, keeping the surface warm at night and cool in the day. Without an atmosphere on Earth the temperature would probably go from about +100 degrees to -100 degrees every 24 hours. The atmosphere keeps it nicely within a range of ten degrees usually. Carbon dioxide allows radiant heat through to the Earth's surface but blocks heat being radiated away from the surface which is at a relatively low temperature. So it produces a 'greenhouse' effect which raises the surface temperature, but only by a little at present. On Venus, which has a 95% carbon dioxide atmosphere, the greenhouse effect has made the surface temperature 400-500 degrees C.
Without an atmosphere, a planet's temperature can vary widely depending on its distance from the sun and its surface properties. The lack of an atmosphere means that heat is not retained, so temperatures can be extreme, with highs during the day and lows at night. Overall, the temperature tends to be closer to the planet's actual temperature without the moderating effects of an atmosphere.
No planet in our solar system has a surface temperature of 860 degrees. The hottest planet is Venus, with surface temperatures around 900 degrees Fahrenheit due to its thick atmosphere and greenhouse effect.
Venus has a surface temperature of about 462 degrees Celsius. The thick atmosphere of Venus traps heat, leading to extremely high temperatures on the planet's surface.