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Animals can be poisoned or suffer internal damage from ingesting oil. Effects include ulcers and damage to red blood cells, kidneys, liver and to the immune system. Oil vapors can injure to eyes and lungs, and can be particularly hazardous while new oil is still coming to the surface and vapors are evaporating. If vapors are severe enough, marine mammals may become "sleepy" and drown.

Oil can also cause effects 'up' the food chain, such as when an organism higher on the food chain eat a number of oil-infected animals. For example, reproduction in bald eaglesdecreased after the eagles ate animals infected by oil after the Exxon Valdez spill.

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