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Some elements and compounds require extremely low temperatures to freeze. For example, hydrogen freezes at 14 K, which is only 14 degrees above absolute zero and equal to about 259 degrees below zero C or 434 degrees below zero F, and it boils at about 20.3 K (-252.9° C or -423.2° F).

Another example is methane. That seems to be in liquid form on the moon Titan.

Also temperatures are higher inside the gas giants than they are on the surface. Pressure also increases inside these planets. So we believe the liquid hydrogen inside Jupiter is in fact at a high temperature and pressure. The overall result is that it is a liquid.

Remember that temperatures and pressures inside planets (and moons to some extent) can be much higher than on the surface.

For example, scientists think there may be an "ocean " of liquid water under the thick ice that covers Jupiter's moon Europa.

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Q: How can liquid be found so far out in the solar system where temperatures are so cold?
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What are the average temperatures on the planets in your solar system?

It depends on which solar system.


Why is liquid so rare in your solar system?

Well, in my solar system liquid isn't really that rare. The second planet in my solar system has an almost entirely liquid crust, and a liquid mantle. The third planet orbiting the star in my solar system has a surface over 75% covered in liquid, and has a liquid mantle. The sixth and seventh planets in my solar system both have large hydrogen oceans. Several of the moons orbiting the sixth and seventh planets in my solar system also have liquids. I don't see why liquid could be called rare in my solar system. What about yours?


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