The non- metals in groups 14, 15, 16, 17 either accept electrons or share electrons. For example the halogens all accept one electron to form the X- anion, e.g. Cl-, the halogens also can form covalent bonds where they also achieve the octet.
(Note hydrogen - also a non metal accepts electrons to form the hydride ion, (electronic config. of He) or shares electrons forming covalent bonds and effectivelly loses an electron when it forms the hydronium cation H3O+
Covalent bonding
Calcium should lose 2 valence electrons and attain the noble gas configuration of argon with 18 elements.
Atoms can achieve a stable outer electron arrangement by gaining, losing or sharing valence electrons with other atoms or ions.
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either by losing, gaining or sharing electrons.
Covalent bonding
The elements either gain or lose electron.Few elements share electrons to achieve stability.
All non-metals have either 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their octet which makes them suitable to gain electrons to achieve stability. Hence it is difficult for electrons to lose electrons.
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Calcium should lose 2 valence electrons and attain the noble gas configuration of argon with 18 elements.
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All non-metals in group IV will be able to form 4 covalent bonds with other elements. They need 4 more electrons to form the octet structure in their valence shell. Hence, they can form 4 single covalent bonds to constitute the covalent structure. On the other hand, elements in group III, such as boron, can also make 1 double bond and 3 single bonds to share 5 electrons to achieve octet structure.
Atoms can achieve a stable outer electron arrangement by gaining, losing or sharing valence electrons with other atoms or ions.
media elements
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By transfer or sharing of electrons.
electrons