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How can penicillin be structurally modified so that it is less sensitive to acid?
An electron withdrawing group can be added at position 6 of the bicyclic system. Its inductive effects can reduce nucleophilicity.
What is metabolic analog?
Structurally modified metabolite that prevents the action of the normal metabolite
What is the semi-synthetic penicillinase resistant meant?
Semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant antibiotics are modified forms of penicillin designed to resist the breakdown by penicillinase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These modifications enhance their effectiveness against staphylococci and other resistant strains that would typically inactivate natural penicillin. Examples include oxacillin and methicillin, which are commonly used to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria. This semi-synthetic approach allows for broader therapeutic options in combating bacterial infections.
How has mrsa evolved from non-resistant s aureus?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) evolved from non-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through the acquisition of the mecA gene, which encodes a modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) that has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics. This genetic change allows MRSA to survive treatment with methicillin and other related antibiotics. Over time, MRSA strains have diversified and adapted, leading to increased virulence and resistance to multiple drug classes, making infections more challenging to treat. The evolution of MRSA highlights the impact of antibiotic use and resistance on bacterial populations.
What are the positives of genetically modified food?
-more food production - better nutrition - pesticide resistance
How can adrenergic drugs be structurally modified to have a longer duration of action?
It can have one less OH group than catecholamines. The new structure will not be recognised by metabolic enzymes so the drug will not be degraded by COMT.
Why is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA) methicillin resistant?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to methicillin due to the acquisition of the mecA gene, which encodes a modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a). This altered protein has a lower affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin, preventing these drugs from effectively inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Additionally, MRSA can acquire other resistance mechanisms, enhancing its ability to survive despite antibiotic treatment. As a result, infections caused by MRSA are often more difficult to treat.
Is ampicillin natural or synthetic?
Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, meaning that it is derived from a natural source (penicillin) but has been chemically modified to enhance its effectiveness.
How can the flow of electric current be altered or modified?
The flow of electric current can be altered or modified by changing the voltage, resistance, or by using devices like switches, resistors, capacitors, and transistors in an electric circuit.
What are 3 examples of gentic enginering?
Three examples of genetic engineering include the development of Bt corn, which has been modified to express a bacterial protein that protects it from pests; the creation of genetically modified insulin, produced by bacteria to treat diabetes; and the use of CRISPR technology to edit genes in organisms for purposes like disease resistance in crops or potential therapies for genetic disorders in humans. These applications demonstrate the versatility and potential of genetic engineering in agriculture, medicine, and research.
What is gas flushed chicken?
Gas flushed chicken is chicken that has been packaged in a modified atmosphere. The package will be vacuumed and then flushed with a combination of gases that does not promote bacterial growth.
What types of genes does genetically modified canola contain?
Genetically modified canola typically contains genes that provide resistance to herbicides, such as glyphosate, and/or genes that produce proteins toxic to certain insects, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein.
