the effect it has on other planets
They are all solid masses, i.e. not gaseous bodies like the outer planets.
If you know know the molar masses of the reactants in a chemical reaction you can determine the molar masses of the products because the combined molar masses of the reactants equals the combined molar masses of the products.
But you CAN determine the size of the planets: in diameter, overall mass, and in density.
the planet has moons or satellites orbiting around it. By observing the orbital motion of the moons, scientists can calculate the mass of the planet based on the laws of gravity and motion.
The forces of gravity between two masses are the cause of all orbits.
Planets
They all have mass, and masses are attracted to each other.
Jovian planets, also known as gas giants, include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They have significantly larger masses compared to terrestrial planets, with Jupiter being the most massive at about 318 times the mass of Earth. Saturn follows with around 95 Earth masses, while Uranus and Neptune have masses of approximately 14 and 17 Earth masses, respectively. Collectively, these planets are crucial to understanding the dynamics of our solar system due to their substantial gravitational influence.
The outer planets are primarily gaseous meaning they are basically just gargantuan masses of gas.
The inner planets, comprising Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, generally have lower masses compared to the outer gas giants. Mercury is the smallest at about 0.055 Earth masses, Venus is around 0.815 Earth masses, Earth is 1 Earth mass, and Mars is approximately 0.107 Earth masses. This trend reflects their rocky compositions and smaller sizes, contrasting with the larger gaseous planets beyond the asteroid belt.
Jupiter
Yes, any planet can have satellites. Gas planets actually have the most satellites due to their large masses.