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AM is an abbreviation for Amplitude Modulation, while FM stands for Frequency Modulation. Both are ways of transmitting information that can be decoded, usually into sound for radios.
Basically, a wave has two properties that can be changed - amplitude and frequency, as you might have guessed. Amplitude describes how big a wave is. Larger amplitude sound waves are louder, and larger amplitude light waves are brighter. Frequency describes how long it takes a wave to repeat itself, and is the distance from one peak, the high point of a wave, to another peak; or from one trough, the low point of a wave, to another trough.
Amplitude modulation means changing amplitude to encode information. All AM radio stations use this. It generally encodes less information than frequency modulation, producing a lower quality sound. As a consequence, AM stations tend to be Talk Shows. Also, the range of AM stations is much larger than that of FM stations.
Frequency modulation means changing frequency to encode information. All FM radio stations use this. It usually encodes less information than AM, and can therefore produce a better quality sound. As such, FM stations are generally used to transmit music. The range of FM stations is lower than that of AM stations.
The easiest way to tell the difference between AM waves and FM waves is the frequency. AM waves tend to be low frequency for radio, while FM waves tend to be much higher. You might think that FM waves would be hard to pin down, but the change in frequency is not very large, so that different stations don't interfere with each other.
There is a lot more information on the subject, but this is a quick introduction.
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What can the s-p interval tell us about an earthquake?
The S-P interval can tell us the distance to the earthquake epicenter. By measuring the time difference between the arrival of the S and P waves on a seismogram, seismologists can calculate the distance based on the known velocity of seismic waves through the Earth.
How could you tell which of two observers was farther from an earthquake epicenter by comparing the arrivaltimes of p and s waves for the two locations?
To determine which observer is farther from an earthquake epicenter, you can compare the arrival times of P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves) at each location. P-waves travel faster than S-waves, so the difference in their arrival times increases with distance from the epicenter. By measuring the time difference between the arrivals of these waves at each observer's location, you can calculate the distance to the epicenter; the observer with the larger time difference will be farther from the epicenter.
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Vending machines have laser scanners that can tell the difference between the bills.
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How could you tell which of two observers was farther from an earthquake epicenter by comparing the arrival times of p waves and a waves for the two locations?
To determine which observer is farther from an earthquake epicenter, you can compare the arrival times of P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves). P-waves travel faster than S-waves, so if one location records P-waves significantly earlier than S-waves, it indicates that the observer is closer to the epicenter. By measuring the time difference between the arrival of the P-waves and S-waves at each observer's location, the observer with the greater time difference is farther from the epicenter.
