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Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire) says that in the conviction of any of those who were accused of being an atheist because of their Christian beliefs, the Roman magistrates proceeded with caution and reluctance and that they were moderate in the use of punishments. The provincial governors declared themselves ready to listen to any accusation that might affect the public safety, but as soon as they were informed that it was a question not of facts but of words, a dispute relating only to the interpretation of the Jewish laws and prophecies, they deemed it unworthy of the majesty of Rome seriously to discuss the obscure differences that might arise among a barbarous and superstitious people.
Trajan (98-117) directed the magistrates to punish such persons as are legally convicted, but prohibited them from making any inquiries concerning the supposed criminals. Nor was the magistrate allowed to proceed on every kind of information. He rejected anonymous charges, as too repugnant to the equity of his government; and he strictly required for allegations of Christianity, the positive evidence of a fair and open accuser. Hadrian went further, making charges related to Christianity very unlikely to be made, by decreeing severe punishments, including capital punishment, for those who made allegations of this nature but were unable to secure a conviction.
Wherever possible, the magistrates tried to find ways to avoid convicting and punishing the Christians brought before them. Sometimes, the Christian would be informed of the date and place of his trial, and given every opportunity to leave the city. In other cases, friendly pagans would hide the accused person until the charges were forgotten. At worst, the Christian could be pardoned by worshipping the pagan gods.
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