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Astronomical observation can tell us two fundamental aspects of a planet -- its diameter and the extent to which it disturbs the orbits of other nearby planets or moons.

That extent of disturbance of its neighbors indirectly tells us the mass of the planet (the disturbance will be proportionally larger with a larger mass).

Given the diameter, we can infer the volume. Divide the volume by the mass and we realize the density of a given planet.

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