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In the early 1600s the Church still accepted the word of the early theologians that the Earth was the centre of the universe. They were ready to reconsider any alternative ideas provided there was enough evidence.

Copernicus came up with a model that had the Sun at the centre and it seemed to work well in predicting the planets' positions, but it was accepted as only a useful model. Galileo was told he could teach it provided it was understood as a model and not a statement of reality.

Galileo was a forceful character who said he was cleverer than all the cardinals, and he brought out a book describing the heliocentric theory, in which the Pope was portrayed as a simpleton. He was put on trial and asked for evidence that the Sun is at the centre, but at that time there was not sufficient evidence and he retracted.

In the following century science had advanced to a point where it was discovered that the Sun is far more massive than the planets and therefore must be at the centre.

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Q: How did Galileos discovery contradict the teachings of the church?
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