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explain earth's position in the solar system and describe its closest neighbors.
Please be more specific about which solar system.
solar system. solar = sun
the solar system
The Heliocentric picture of the solar system is a model because it was given as a theory by Copernicus to describe the solar system. In prior centuries people believed that the earth was the center of the solar system.
Big Bang is the term that describes how the solar system was formed.
light years
Describe the orbit of a planet (or other body in the Solar system) about the Sun.
Yes they do and the sign for them is an AU.
"solar system" is the term used to describe planets orbiting a star. We know that planets also orbit binary and tertiary star systems, these would be different kinds of solar systems.
It doesn't have one. The NGC numbers are used to describe objects in outer space - as seen from Earth. Nor are individual objects in our Solar System included, as far as I know.
It is similar to a solar system. The sun is the nucleus with protons and neutrons and the electrons are the planets.