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How did hieroglyphs work?

Updated: 11/2/2022
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12y ago

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Hieroglyphs are extremely complex and take a very long time to learn. They were designed to write the ancient Egyptian language, which has many sounds that do not exist in English.

They include a few signs that are classed as ideograms (a picture representing the thing illustrated, such as the picture of an elderly man leaning on a forked stick = smsw, elder); other signs represent a single consonant sound (such as the horned viper for f); some signs represent two consonants (such as a hare for wn); another group represent three consonants (such as a knife for s+sh+m); another group, called determinatives, have no sound value and serve only to clarify the meaning of the word. A final small group of signs indicate negatives, plurals and feminine word endings.

No vowels were written, but clearly these were inserted as the text was read.

Determinatives are extremely valuable for translators, since many words with completely different meanings are often spelled exactly the same; imagine if English were written without its vowels, there would be no apparent difference between the words hit, hot, hat, hate or heat. In ancient Egyptian each of these would have an appropriate determinative sign following it to clarify what was meant.

Sometimes signs are linked together in certain ways to create abbreviations for commonly-used words, or a sign is simply multiplied and overlapped to indicate a plural meaning.

There are many other complications, but this will give you some idea of the complex and unfamiliar nature of hieroglyphs.

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