How did restrictive covenants and redlining contribute to racially segregated neighborhoods?

Which reform was passed soon after the end of World War 2?

Ending segregation in the military (APEX) Ending restrictive covenants against blacks and Jews (APEX)

Are land use covenants enforceable?

Land use covenants are enforceable, usually first by the local government, and then by county, then state. Depends on the stated "use"

What US Supreme Court case outlawed racially segregated housing?

Many cases fall within the scope of this question. Buchanan v. Warley, (1917), was the first instance in which the Supreme Court declared a specific policy of residential segregation unconstitutional; however, Jones v. Mayer, (1968), may come closest to a formal court declaration outlawing racial segregation in housing altogether (although the decision was based on federal, not constitutional, law). Shelley v. Kraemer, (1948) is considered a landmark case because it prohibited courts from awarding monetary damages against people violating restrictive covenants by selling their homes to non-whites, removing a powerful legal weapon from those who hoped to continue segregation practices. The Court did not simultaneously rule private covenants, themselves, unconstitutional. Unfortunately, there is no US Supreme Court housing case comparable in magnitude to the impact of Brown v. Board of Education, (1954) on civil rights.Most forms of racial discrimination were outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and subsequent legislation, leaving the federal courts to interpret the laws and determine who has standing to seek adjudicative relief, rather than pass judgment on segregated housing as a whole. This form of discrimination has been so pervasive and insidious, every time the Supreme Court rules one action unconstitutional or in violation of federal law, someone devises a way around the ruling.Housing discrimination is still being tried in the courts, but most cases are handled by the lower courts without additional input from the US Supreme Court because supporting legislation has largely matured (not because the Supreme Court fails to recognize the egregiousness of discrimination).The following cases are some of the better known, to date:Buchanan v. Warley, 245 US 60 (1917) 
The Court unanimously struck down a Louisville, KY, municipal ordinance that required residential segregation by race. The law prohibited blacks or whites from living on blocks where members of one race occupied the majority of homes. The Court struck down the statute because it destroyed the right of the individual to acquire, enjoy and dispose of his property, which right is protected by the 14th Amendment. (While this set a valuable legal precedent, developers and homeowner associations circumvented the law by setting up association-based restrictive covenants.) 
Harmon v. Tyler, 273 US 688 (1927) 
Based on the precedent set in Buchanan v. Warley (above) the Supreme Court held that cities could not segregate housing by denying building permits to African-Americans who wanted to construct a home in a "white" neighborhood.Hansberry v. Lee, 311 US 32 (1940)Rejected a restrictive covenant prohibiting African-Americans from living in the exclusive "white" suburb of Hyde Park, Chicago, on the basis of a technicality, but did not render all restrictive covenants illegal.Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 US 1 (1948)Held that courts could not enforce in equity (allow monetary damages) restrictive covenants banning African-Americans and Asians (or other legally defined minorities) from purchasing a home or living in any neighborhood. Held that private restrictive covenants were not necessarily a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, but that they could not be legally enforced. In other words, the Court declined to impose constitutional restrictions on private individuals. This is still considered a landmark case.Barrows v. Jackson, 346 US 249 (1953)Pursuant to Shelley v. Kraemer, (1948), upheld a state court decision forbidding use of race-based restrictive covenants from being used to recover monetary damages from a party in breach of the covenant. Also ruled that an individual has standing to challenge the constitutionality of the practice without being personally damaged, because the rule to deny standing is outweighed by the need to protect the fundamental rights of an entire class.Jones v. Mayer, 392 US 409 (1968)Decision based on Title 42 of federal law (42 USC § 1982) that stated: "all citizens shall have the same right, in every State and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property." Reversed lower court rulings that housing discrimination laws applied only to government entities, and did not reach private parties, and held that refusing to sell or rent property to otherwise qualified African-Americans (or any non-whites) was unconstitutional. Applied the Thirteenth Amendment right of Congress to pass civil rights laws that are enforceable against private individuals.Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.,409 US 205 (1972)Held that tenants of an apartment community that practiced racial discrimination against non-whites had standing to bring suit against the landlord, despite their unusual status of not being denied housing. The tenants "claimed they had been injured in that (1) they had lost the social benefits of living in an integrated community; (2) they had missed business and professional advantages which would have accrued if they had lived with members of minority groups; (3) they had suffered embarrassment and economic damage in social, business, and professional activities from being "stigmatized" as residents of a "white ghetto." Determined that a provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (42 USC § 3610 (a)) must be broadly interpreted to allow standing to bring suit in federal court for any person aggrieved by discriminatory housing practices, not just those denied housing.Gladstone Realtors v. Village of Bellwood, 441 US 91 (1979)Pursuant to Trafficante, held that residents of an integrated neighborhood and the town itself had standing to file for injunctive, declaratory and monetary relief against real estate companies and their agents who were engaged in the practice of "steering" (creating de facto segregation by selecting which houses to show a client based on his or her race) white clients away from and African-American clients toward a twelve- to thirteen-block square integrated neighborhood, in violation of the Fair Housing Act of 1968.

What were Woodrow Wilson's main points of war?

Woodrow Wilson made a 14 point speech given on January 8, 1918. One of the main points was an open covenants of peace.

Who is Jim crow lows?

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jureracial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. De juresegregation mainly applied to the Southern United States. Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated.

How do you amend restrictive covenants?

You can amend restrictive covenants by an instrument in writing properly recorded in the land records. You must be the individual who imposed the restrictive covenants.

What if HOA covenants are more restrictive than the city ordinance?

Then, in fact, the covenants are more restrictive. When you purchased your property, you agreed to abide by the governing documents -- including the covenants. If you want to campaign to amend the covenants, you can read your governing documents and follow that process.

What is the time limit for restrictive covenants in real estate?

The statute of limitations for restrictive covenants varies from state to state. You would need to check your state laws for the limits in your jurisdiction.

How do you get a waiver for a retrictive covenant on property?

You would need to negotiate with the entity that recorded the restrictive covenant. Until you do you are subject to the restrictive covenants.

Are Restrictive covenants in title deeds to property enforceable?

Yes. Restrictions are enforceable and the time period during which they are enforceable depends on the type and the statute of limitations in your jurisdiction regarding restrictive covenants.In Massachusetts if you purchased land that is encumbered with restrictive covenants "that run with the land", the covenants can last for 30 years by law.Some documents that create restrictive covenants recite a termination date. You need to check the language of the instrument that created the restrictive covenants and your state statute of limitations to determine if they have expired. If they are not expired then they are indeed enforceable.Certain restrictive covenants may not be enforceable even if the term of effectiveness has not expired depending on the restriction. For example, a restriction that the property shall only be sold to members of a particular race or shall not be sold to members of a particular race. In SHELLEY V. KRAEMER , 334 U.S. 1 (1948), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially restricted covenants were non-enforceable. Laws such as the Fair Housing Act of 1968 additionally made such restrictions illegal to enforce.

What Supreme Court case established that restrictive covenants on land were illegal?

Shelley v. Kraemer

Does a covenant running with the land violate the rule against perpetuities?

Generally, restrictive covenants are addressed by state laws that provide a statute of limitations. In Masachusetts, restrictive subdivision covenants that are recorded after 1961 expire after 30 years. There are different types of covenants. You would need to check the specific type you have in mind under your particular state laws.

Would a restrictive covenant still bind if not registered but the purchaser had knowledge of the restrictive covenant?

Covenants have to be legally documented. If it is not in writing with the legal proof necessary to support it, the covenant can not be legally applied to you. Check with your local courthouse to find out what covenants apply, so that you know how to respond.

Who can remove covenents from land registry details?

There are two main types of covenant which can be recorded on the land register, namely personal and restrictive covenants. Once registered, restrictive covenants continue to bind the land/property indefinitely. As time passes or circumstances change the covenants may become outdated e.g. housing densities imposed in the early 1900's may not fit with current redevelopment plans. In many cases the land/property owner will try to get the covenants removed. For a restrictive covenant to be removed it must be clear that the whole of the land which has the benefit can be precisely identified and that all the persons having an interest in that benefitting land have joined in and agreed to the removal - this is a rare occurrence. Such an agreement would be reflected in a legal deed executed by each party. An application would then be made to either remove the restrictive covenant(s) or reflect the contents of the Deed. Restrictive covenants can also be extinguished by the Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber) where they have decided for example that the covenant is out of date/touch with modern times Personal covenants tend to fall or are removed as and when the ownership changes although there are circumstances where they can continue - the question however is routinely raised with restrictive covenants in mind so the answer is limited to that context as a result.

What is a restrictive covenant?