How did the Ottomans and the Mughals each treat non-Muslims?

Answer 1

Ottoman Empire
Non-Muslims who lived in the Ottoman Empire were called Dhimmi, or second-class citizens. They lacked a number of fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, freedom of settlement, access to all occupations, and additional taxation because they were Non-Muslim. Each Dhimmi group, like the Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and so forth were organized into Millets which were community representative groups. Each Millet would report to a centralized Millet representative in Istanbul who would have direct dealing with the Imperial Palace. This would allow the Millets to air their grievances, but was more often used as a method to control the Millets and make them less resistive to Ottoman Occupation.

Admittedly, life under the Ottomans was far superior to most contemporaneous Empires. Spain was by far a more religiously and culturally intolerant place during this period as were France and England.

Finally, the Ottomans' most egregious crime was the policy of devşirme, where Christian families in the Balkans region had to submit to Ottoman soldiers stealing their children to bring to them to Istanbul where they would have no contact with their parents for years and be trained to be the elite Janissary Core and be converted to Islam. No Muslim was even allowed to join the Janissaries because the devşirme system was so effective in producing recruits loyal only to the Emperor because they feared him.

Mughal Empire
The situation for Non-Muslims in India under the Mughal Empire depended on the specific ruler in charge. Generally speaking, the Mughal Rulers used a similar policy of designating Non-Muslims as Dhimmis, but there were some highs and lows for Non-Muslims of India.

Under the rule of King Akbar the Great, other religions were brought into parity with Islam. Akbar famously had courtiers from all faiths and himself dabbled in various faiths, eventually developing his own Islamic heresy called "Din-i-Ilahi". Islamic Scholars generally consider Akbar's reign to be one of depravity because he did not enforce an Islamic supremacist form of governance.

Conversely, under his grandson, King Aurangzeb, there were events of forcible conversion. One famous such event was when Aurangzeb demanded that the Ninth Sikh Guru renounce his faith and become a Muslim, but when the Guru refused to capitulate, Aurangzeb had him beheaded. Aurangzeb is well-known in India for this and other acts of forcible conversation as well as destroying major Hindu Temples such as the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Kesava Deo Temple, and Somnath Temple in order to build mosques on those sites.