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How did the astronomy of Hipparchus and Ptolemy violate the principles of Plato and Aristotle?
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∙ 15y ago
He was the first person to explain why the sun and stars move across the sky
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∙ 15y ago
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What is an almagest?
An almagest is a comprehensive treatise on astronomy, alchemy, geography and/or mathematics, originally referring to the one compiled by Ptolemy around 150 CE.
What did hipparchus do?
Little is known of Hipparchus's life, but he is known to have been born in Nicaea in Bithynia. Only one work by Hipparchus has survived, and this is certainly not one of his major works. Most of the information which we have about the work of Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy.Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence. Hipparchus produced a table of chords, an early example of a trigonometric table. He did this by using the supplementary angle theorem, half angle formulas, and linear interpolation. Hipparchus was not only the founder of trigonometry but also the man who transformed Greek astronomy from a purely theoretical into a practical predictive science. He also introduced the division of a circle into 360 degrees into Greece.Hipparchus calculated the length of the year to within 6.5 minutes and discovered the precession of the equinoxes. We believe that Hipparchus's star catalogue contained about 850 stars, probably not listed in a systematic coordinate system but using various different ways to designate the position of a star.The work we have of his, Commentary on Aratus and Eudoxus, was written in 3 books as a commentary on 3 different writings. First, there was a treatise by Eudoxus now lost in which he named and described the constellations. Second, Aratus wrote a poem called which was based on the treatise by Eudoxus and proved to be a work of great popularity. This poem has survived and we have its text. Third, there was commentary on Aratus by Attalus of Rhodes, written shortly before the time of Hipparchus.The 3 books on which Hipparchus was writing a commentary contained no mathematical astronomy. However towards the end of the second book, continuing through the whole of the third book, Hipparchus gives his own account of the rising and setting of the constellations. Towards the end of the third book, Hipparchus gives a list of bright stars always visible for the purpose of enabling the time at night to be accurately determined. It is thought that this work by Hipparchus was done near the end of his career.Hipparchus also made a careful study of the motion of the moon. In calculating the distance of the moon, Hipparchus not only made excellent use of both mathematical techniques and observational techniques, but he also gave a range of values within which be calculated that the true distance must lie. He estimated that eclipses have a period of 126007 days. Hipparchus's calculations led him to a value for the distance to the moon of between 59 and 67 earth radii, quite remarkable in that the correct distance is 60 earth radii.Hipparchus not only gave observational data for the moon which enabled him to compute accurately the various periods, but he developed a theoretical model of the motion of the moon based on epicycles. He showed that his model did not agree totally with observations, but it seems to be Ptolemy who was the first to correct the model to take these discrepancies into account. Hipparchus was also able to give an epicycle model for the motion of the sun, but he did not attempt to give an epicycle model for the motion of the planets.
Who invented longitude and latitude?
Hipparchus (c. 190 BCE - c. 120 BCE) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. The appearance of a nova in the constellation Scorpius inspired him to investigate how stars are born and die. With only the power of his eyes, he created the first accurate star map, a catalogue of 1,080 stars, giving their position and relative brightness. In comparing his chart with one compiled by Timocharis and Aristyllus of Alexandria 150 years earlier, Hipparchus discovered that the earth's axis is precessing, or wobbling, slowly like a top. His calculation of the inclination of the ecliptic, its equation, and his estimate of the annual precession of the equinoxes were all remarkably accurate. He determined the perigee and mean motion of the sun and of the moon, and he calculated the extent of the shifting of the plane of the Moon's motion. Hipparchus' star catalogue was used for over 1600 years, and his system of star magnitudes is still in use. His main contribution to geography was in applying rigorous mathematical principles in determining the location of places on the earth's surface, being the first to do so by specifying a position's latitude and longitude. In the Almagest, Ptolemy made use of a catalogue of stars, whose position Hipparchus had fixed by calculating celestial angular measurements, corresponding to latitude and longitude on earth. Recognizing that the earth was round, he constructed the first globe and was the first to divide a circle into 360 degrees. Hipparchus invented an improved type of astrolabe, which he used to determine accurately the celestial coordinates of stars and a planisphere that allowed stereographic projections (also invented by Hipparchus), making it possible to tell time at night from stellar projections. He calculated the length of the year as 365.24667 days, correct to within 6.5 minutes and by making observations of eclipses, found the distance to the Moon. It isn't known who discovered that the noontime shadow of an upright rod (called a gnomon, derived from the Greek word for "one who knows or examines") is longest at the winter solstice and shortest at the summer solstice. It is known that the Egyptians used the sundial as early as 1500 BCE, and the Greeks learned of it from the Babylonians. The L-shaped figure comprised of the upright rod of a sundial and its shadow is often referred to as a gnomon. By keeping a record of the number of days that elapsed while the shadow of a gnomon passed from its shortest to its greatest length and then back to its shortest length, ancient people learned to measure the length of the year. Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (now Iznik) in Bithynia (now Turkey). He probably spent some years in Alexandria but settled in Rhodes where he made most of his observations. What set him apart from other ancient astronomers was that he collected data based on careful observations and then formed theories to fit the observed facts. Except for a short commentary on an astronomical poem by Arastus, all of Hipparchus works are lost. Most of what is known about him comes from the writings of Strabo of Amaseai (fl. c. CE 21) and Ptolemy's Almagest, written in the 2nd century CE, which was based on Hipparchus' findings. Hipparchus' contributions to astronomy were the most important before the time of Copernicus in the early sixteenth century. Most scientific historians credit Hipparchus with founding trigonometry. The word is derived from two Greek words, trigonum, meaning "triangle," and metron, meaning, "measure," combining to mean "measurement of triangles." In ancient times there was no name for trigonometry, which was not considered a branch of mathematics, merely a collection of techniques and formulas ancillary to astronomy. Hipparchus introduced trigonometric functions in the form of a table of chord arcs used to solve the problem of the computation of specific positions from geometric models. This table is practically the same as that of natural sines. It is likely that he had some means of solving triangles in spherical trigonometry. It is also suspected that Ptolemy's Theorem, which gives the necessary and sufficient conditions that a convex quadrilateral be inscribable in a circle, is due to Hipparchus. The theorem implicitly gives formulas for the sines and cosines of the sum and difference of angles, from which all trigonometric relations can be deduced. Quotation of the Day: "Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person of whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence." - T. L. Heath [The time the professor alluded to must have been 9:36 p.m. A quarter of the time since noon is 2 hr. 24 min., and a half of the time till noon the next day is 7 hr. 12 min. Together these give us 9 hr. 36 min. This is the answer to the puzzle, but how was the solution found?]
What is the language of astronomy?
Mathematics. You might also claim Latin, German or Arabic; many of the star names that we still use were recorded by Claudius Ptolemy in Roman times, and translated into Arabic. Ptolemy's star atlases did not survive in the European dark ages, and exist only because they were re-translated back into Latin by Spanish and Jewish scholars after the fall of Toledo to the Spanish. Many of the star names are still in the Arabic, which explains all the star names beginning with "Al".
Who were Cleopatra's kids?
Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.Cleopatra's kids were Caesarion, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphos.
Was astronomy seen before in Roman and Greek civilizations?
Yes, astronomy was seen in both Roman and Greek civilizations. In ancient Greece, philosophers like Aristotle and Hipparchus made significant contributions to astronomy, developing theories about the Earth, the Sun, and the motion of celestial bodies. The Romans also studied and adopted much of Greek astronomy, with notable figures like Ptolemy further advancing the field with his geocentric model of the universe.
Who were the mathematicians in the Hellenistic period?
Archimedes, Hipparchus, Apollonius and Ptolemy.
Who invented the grid system of latitude and longitude?
Hipparchus was the best astronomers of his time and was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He very accurately cataloged over 1,000 stars. Ptolemy was a great admirer of Hipparchus research and from what I've seen Ptolemy was often said to do what Hipparchus had done.
In what ways did Copernicus agree with hipparchus and ptolemy?
spinning in smaller orbits as they make the bigger revolutution
Who supported the views of ptolemy and Aristotle?
The church
The difference between Aristotle and ptolemy?
They are funny
Who wrote about geography and astronomy during the greco-roman age?
Copernicus and Ptolemy
What did cladious ptolemy invent or discovered?
Claudius Ptolemy synthesized and extended Hipparchus' system of epicycles and encentric circles to ezplain his geocentric theory off the solar system.
When was latitude and longitude invented by Hipparchus and Ptolemy?
It wasn't. It was first attributed to Eratosthenes and first used by Ancient Greeks.
Who are two scientists important to your understanding of Astronomy?
Galileo and Ptolemy
How did Ptolemy's work change our understanding or the solar system and astronomy?
because
Who wrote the geography and the astronomy during the greco roman age?
ptolemy....
