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Assuming that realism in painting is what is meant by this question, the immediate answer is that painters began to abandon realistic depictions of the world around them. Rather than compete with a mechanical device, painters began creating images that a camera could not make. This exploration included impressionism, expressionism, futurism, abstraction and a wide range of other Fine Art movements.

Pop Art made use of Photography in the creation of images. Some painters created collages of photographs. Others re-appropriated well know photographs, turning them into mass-produced works of art (Warhol). This was generally seen as a comment on the mass-produced societal artifacts of the time.

A later movement (neo-realism) sought to imitate the verisimilitude of photographs. Often these paintings (and sculpture) took things to a level that photography could not duplicate. Some painters compressed the dynamic range of lighting in a scene so that detail was retained in both highlights and shadows. This provide a range of detail that seemed photographic, but was super-realistic. In effect, this is what painters have always done, but by adopting a photographic "look" these images took on an unreal quality.

Other painters used colors that were beyond the capabilities of current photographic materials. Some played games with perspective that pushed the conventions of photography beyond that possible with photographic lenses.

Photography struggled for decades to be taken as a serious Art Form. But that is another story.

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