1. The more generations that pass, the more random changes there will be in a genetic code for the same protein. 2. Mutations occur at a fairly constant rate.
To develop a molecular clock, you need to identify a reliable set of molecular sequences (such as DNA or protein sequences) from different species. Additionally, you require a well-calibrated timeline of evolutionary events, often based on fossil records or known divergence times. By comparing the genetic differences and correlating them with the time since divergence, you can estimate the rate of molecular evolution and construct the molecular clock.
Biochemistry is used to determine evolutionary relationships by comparing the sequences of biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins from different species. By analyzing the similarities and differences in these sequences, scientists can infer how closely related different organisms are and construct evolutionary trees to show the relationships between them. This helps in understanding the common ancestry and divergence of species over time.
DNA accumulates mutations over time at a relatively constant rate, providing a molecular clock for measuring evolutionary changes. By comparing the differences in DNA sequences between organisms, scientists can estimate the time since they shared a common ancestor, offering insights into evolutionary relationships and divergence times.
Similarities in amino acid sequences tell us the the genes coding for these proteins are similar. Similar genes are due to shared ancestry ie the organisms have evolved from a common ancestor in the past. Differences in amino acid sequence tell us that mutations have occurred in the genes since the organisms separated from the common ancestor. The bigger the differences, the longer the organisms have been separated.
Since there are no kids in space, I suggest 100%.
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Since human appeared, the amount of sediments carried by rivers has increased dramatically
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There are many differences between males and females. There are no absolute differences, since there are always exceptions, but the most prominent is their sexual organs.