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One group of fire extinguishers works by separating oxygen from the fire, for example by placing a non-flammable powder over the flame source. This works well for some grease fires.

Another group of fire extinguishers works by displacing oxygen; fires will only burn most materials with atmospheric concentrations of oxygen above around 10%. These extinguishers use CO2 or nitrogen or Halon (tm) to displace the oxygen. This often works well around electrical fires. The technique is used around equipment that water or powders might destroy.

Another type of extinguisher propels water at the fire, sometimes using pressure created when acid contacts a base like soda. The water cools the burning material to below the combustion point, and the water vapor helps displace oxygen that would feed the fire. This works well with wood and paper fires.

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