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Individual pathogens can develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs through several mechanisms. These include acquiring genes that code for drug resistance, mutations that render the drug targets less susceptible to the drugs, and the ability to pump out or destroy the drugs. These adaptations occur through genetic changes that give the pathogens a survival advantage and allow them to evade the action of the drugs.
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What do white blood cells do to develop immunity from pathogens?
have sex
Why do fungal infections present special problems in terms of treatment?
Fungal infection present special problems in term of treatment for several reasons. They tend to develop clinical resistance, microbial resistance, and emergence of new pathogens.
How can bacterial populations develop drug resistance and share that resistance with other bacteria?
resistance mechanisms often carried by plasmids can be easily transmitted in bacterial populations by conjugation
Why can an egg or sperm cell alone develop into a new individual?
A sperm or egg alone can not develop into a new individual. Only an egg fertilized by a sperm does.
How might individual bacterium become resistant to an antibiotic?
it inherited the allele that made it resistant
When someone has lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents this individual is said to be?
They are said to be susceptible.
What is it called when you have a resistance to metabolites or pathogens and its toxins?
Immunity
What do white blood cells do to develop immunity from pathogens?
have sex
How to measure resistance of series combination?
When connected in series, the overall effective resistance of a bunch of individual resistors is the sum of the individual resistances. It's always more than the resistance of any individual. When connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the overall resistance of a bunch of individual resistors is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. It's always less than the resistance of any individual. When two resistors are connected in parallel, the overall effective resistance of the pair is (the product of the two individual resistances) divided by (the sum of the two individual resistances). It's always less than the smaller individual resistance.
How does the effective resistance of four resistors in parallel compared to the individual resistance?
It depends on the values of the individual resistors. But if each resistor is identical, then the total resistance will be one-quarter that of an individual resistor.
What is an individual called who is infected with pathogens but shows no signs of illness?
Carrier
How natural selection favor evolution of drug-resistant pathogens?
Those pathogens that survive the drug attack and then reproduce progeny having this same resistance is a classic selection scenario.
What is series combination of resistance?
Add all the individual resistance values.
A type of immunity that defends against specific pathogens and gradually builds up resistance to it?
It is an acquired immunity
How do you calculate the joint resistance in a series circuit with three resistances?
The resistance of a series circuit is simply the sum of the individual resistors.
Why do fungal infections present special problems in terms of treatment?
Fungal infection present special problems in term of treatment for several reasons. They tend to develop clinical resistance, microbial resistance, and emergence of new pathogens.
What is your observation of resistors in series?
I observe that the total effective resistance of several resistors in series is the sum of the individual resistance values of the individual resistors.
