Mostly through what is called "red shift". The further shifted the red is, the farther away from us the galaxy is, and the faster it is receding. This is the basis of understanding the very early days of the universe.
Many, many, many. Just a few include: Information about planets around other stars. Detailed observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet crash into Jupiter, giving information about comets and Jupiter. Detailed distances to far away galaxies, allowing refinement of the speed that the universe expands, leading to the discovery of dark energy. Detailed observations of gravitational lensing, leading to dark matter. Discovery that ancient galaxies are different and more irregularly shaped than current galaxies.
Mainly that galaxies that are very far away (i.e., from the distant past) look different to galaxies that are near-by (from the more recent past).
Frank Hohl has written: 'Collisionless galaxy simulations' -- subject(s): Data processing, Evolution, Galaxies 'Dynamical evolution of disk galaxies' -- subject(s): Evolution, Galaxies
Galaxies can evolve into different forms depending on what type of gas, metals, stars, etc. are present, what the environment is around it, if it's accreting mass. This being said it is also difficult to observe the lifetime of something when it's life is on the order of giga-years. So we study what we can see optically, like merging galaxies, different shaped galaxies, young and old galaxies, etc. and try to remake them through simulations. These simulations help try and explain the missing matter problem (dark matter), black hole theory, or even just basic life history.
It is possible that someday astronomers will measure all the distances of the 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
Light Years
Astronomy Observations and Theories - 2005 Galaxies 1-13 was released on: USA: 21 June 2006
Someday astronomers may have measured all the distances of 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
True
Astronomy Observations and Theories - 2005 Active Galaxies 1-14 was released on: USA: 21 June 2006
Those two things are completely unrelated.The Universe looks the same in different directions.The Universe does NOT look the same at different distances. If you look at farther galaxies, in other words farther back in time, they look different than galaxies look now. If you look even further in time, at one time there weren't even any galaxies.Those two things are completely unrelated.The Universe looks the same in different directions.The Universe does NOT look the same at different distances. If you look at farther galaxies, in other words farther back in time, they look different than galaxies look now. If you look even further in time, at one time there weren't even any galaxies.Those two things are completely unrelated.The Universe looks the same in different directions.The Universe does NOT look the same at different distances. If you look at farther galaxies, in other words farther back in time, they look different than galaxies look now. If you look even further in time, at one time there weren't even any galaxies.Those two things are completely unrelated.The Universe looks the same in different directions.The Universe does NOT look the same at different distances. If you look at farther galaxies, in other words farther back in time, they look different than galaxies look now. If you look even further in time, at one time there weren't even any galaxies.
Stellar distances, like the distances of stars and galaxies from Earth