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Lichens lack an outer impermeable layer that would protect them from pollutants. Various species find it impossible to live in regions with high concentrations of sulphur dioxide or heavy metals. Others actually favour high concentrations of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Therefore, by looking for the presence of lichens in ecosystems scientists can try to understand which pollutants might be present. They might, for example, expect to find a certain lichen in combination with certain rocks, climate patterns and other plants. If the lichen really was there in the ecosystem then the scientists could conclude that the system was free of a certain pollutant.

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