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Along with Mark's Gospel, the Gospels of Matthew and Luke are known as synoptic gospels because when laid in parallel with Mark's Gospel and read synoptically ('with the same eye') in the original Greek language it can quickly be established that these gospels were substantially copied from Mark. Thus, miracles in Mark were more or less faithfully copied into Matthewand Luke, although sometimes with minor changes or embellishments. The main exception to this is the group of miracles missing from Luke as part of what is known as the 'Missing Block', a total of 74.5 verses from Mark 6:47 to Mark 8:27a that must have been lost from the copy of Mark that the author of Luke was relying on.

When Matthew and Luke introduce miracles not found in Mark, we do not know the exact sources relied on for those miracles. In Matthew's nativity account, the angel always appeared to Joseph in dreams, whereas in Luke's account, the angel appears physically. Overall, Matthew is seen as the most spiritual of the New Testament gospels, so when Jesus died, it is natural for Matthew to describe a great earthquake that opened the graves and the dead arose and walked into the city of Jerusalem, where they were seen by many. In the same way, the young man that the women meet inside the empty tomb in Mark is replaced by an angel who is heralded by another earthquake and comes down to move the stone and tell the women that Jesus was risen.

The original New Testament gospel, Mark takes the miracles and discourse of Jesus and weaves a very compelling gospel story, using the author's genius for Greek literature forms. An excellent example is in Mark 6:33-8:21, where there is a whole series of miracles and discourses associated with Jesus feeding the thousands, linked together by frequent references or allusions to food and creating a very strong sense of the disciples not understanding about Jesus:

  • Jesus and the disciples had no leisure so much as to eat, so they went into a desert place
  • Feeding the 5000
  • When Jesus walked on water the disciples were amazed, for they considered not the miracle of the loaves
  • Pharisees complain about the disciples eating with unwashed hands
  • Discourse - what goes into a man goes into his belly and does not defile
  • Greek woman metaphorically begs for crumbs from the table
  • Feeding the 4000
  • Disciples are hungry and have only one loaf of bread
  • Jesus warns the disciples about the leaven of the Pharisees and they reason, "It is because we have no bread," showing they do not understand
  • Jesus summarises the two feasts and asks, "How is it that ye do not understand?"

The parallel structure of Mark's Gospel is what makes it unique in respect to the portrayal of miracles, because each miracle has a definite literary and theological purpose. The above group of miracles and discourses form one part of pair R in the following summary of Mark's framework parallel structure, with the Last Supper as the matching event in the second set:A . John explains the coming of Jesus (Mark 1:1-8)

B .The baptism of Jesus (1:9)

C . The voice of God from heaven, "Thou art my beloved son" (1:11)

D . The forty days in the wilderness as an allusion to Elijah and Moses (1:13)

E . The people were astonished at what Jesus taught (1:22)

F . Jesus casts out an unclean spirit (1:23-26)

G . Pharisees took counsel with the Herodians how they might destroy Jesus (3:6)

H . Demons, whenever they see Jesus, fall down and say that he is the Son of God.

-- Jesus commands that they tell no one of this (3:11-12)

I .. Jesus calls the 12 disciples (3:13-19)

J .. Jesus rejects his own family: he has a new family, his followers (3:31-35)

K . Jesus rebukes the wind (4:36-41)

L . The demoniac, wearing no clothes (5:15), cries out that Jesus not torment him and Jesus sends out the demons (5:1-20)

M . Jesus comes into his own country (6:1)
-- Where he was brought up

N . The people misunderstand Jesus and he can do no mighty work (6:2-6)

O . Jesus sends out the disciples and curses those who will not receive them (6:7-11)
-- in sending the disciples with authority and expecting all to receive them, Jesus is asserting his own authority

P . Herod thinks that Jesus is John the Baptist risen from the dead (6:14)

Q . Herodias and her daughter conspire to kill John the Baptist (6:16-29)

R . Feeding the thousands, and related miracles and discourses (6:33-8:21)

S . Who do people say that I am (8:27)

T . Peter affirms faith in Jesus as the Christ (8:29)

U . Whosoever shall be ashamed of me: of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed (8:38)

V . The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and scribes (8:31a)

W . Be killed and after three days rise again (8:31b)

X . Prophecy of second coming (9:1)- Jesus tells the disciples that some of them would not taste death until they saw the kingdom of God coming with power.

B' .The Transfiguration of Jesus (9:2-3)

C' .The voice of God from heaven, "This is my beloved son" (9:7)

D' . Jesus talks to Elijah and Moses then to the disciples about Elijah (9:4-13)

E' .A great multitude was amazed at Jesus (9:15)

F' .Jesus cast out a dumb spirit (9:17-27)

G' .They shall kill the Son of man and he shall rise on the third day (9:31)

H' .Jesus clarifies his divine status, saying that he is not God: "Why call me good? There is none good but God" (10:18)

I' . Peter says the disciples have left all and followed Jesus (10:28)

J' . Those who have left their family for Jesus have a new family: all Jesus' followers (10:29-30)

K'. Jesus rebukes the 'sons of thunder', James and John (10:35-45 - cf 3:17)

L' .Blind Bartimaeus cries out for mercy and casts off his clothes, then Jesus heals him (10:46-52)

M' .Jesus comes into Jerusalem (11:1-10)
-- Where he will die

N' .Jesus misunderstands the fig tree that can provide no fruit (11:13-14)

O' .Jesus casts out them that sold and bought in the Temple and curses them for making the Temple a den of thieves (11:15-17)
-- Jesus is asserting his authority

P' .Jesus asks whether the baptism of John is from heaven or of men, and the priests, scribes and elders can not answer (11:30-33)

Q' .Parable of husbandmen who conspire to kill the vineyard owner's son (12:1-9)

X' .Prophecy of second coming (chapter 13)

-- on clouds of glory, within the lifetimes of some of those to whom he was speaking

R' .The Last Supper (14:17-25)

S' .Art thou the Christ, Son of God (14:61)

T' .Peter denies Jesus three times (14:66-72a)

U' .And when he thought thereon, Peter wept (14:72b)

V' .The chief priests, elders and scribes delivered Jesus to Pontius Pilate (15:1)

-- Delivering Jesus is a similar concept to rejecting him.
-- Both parts of the pair involve chief priests, elders and scribes

W' .Jesus dies and on the third day rises again (15:37, 16:6)

A' .The young man explains the departure of Jesus(16:6-8)

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The Gospel of John uses the word "signs" in place of miracle. The rest of the gospels use miracle.

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Q: How do the Synoptic Gospels handle the miracles?
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