Bosons are particles that follow Bose-Einstein statistics, fermions are particles that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics. Another way of saying that is that fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and bosons do not.
They are leptons, bosons, hadrons, fermions etc.
photonsgravitonsBoth are bosons, there are no massless fermions although neutrinos were once believed to be massless.
I think perhaps your confused here somewhat. A fermion is a particle which obeys the Pauli exclusion principle; put simply two fermions can not be in the same state (i.e. have the same set of quantum no's) at the same time. Fermions cannot be broken down into anything smaller, fermions include quark's, electron's, muon's, tau's and neutrino's which are elementary i.e. not made of anything but energy Quarks make up all other particles. Bosons can be made of 3 quarks and are split into two catergorys: Baryons such as Protons, Neutrons and many other heavy particles these are effectively composite fermions as they contain 3 quarks. Or Mesons, which contain one quark and an anti quark and hence are not composite fermions.
Yes, identical fermions have antisymmetric wavefunctions. Identical bosons have symmetric -- look up Spin Statistics in any Standard Field Theory text.
Yes, they are bosons. Fermions might be force carriers for supersymmetric particles if they exist but otherwise they are not.
The Higgs boson is analogous to other bosons (photon, muon, gluon, graviton, etc.) which couple forces. Atoms are composed of fermions bound together by exchanging various virtual bosons (e.g. electrons are bound to the nucleus by exchanging virtual photons, the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are bound together by exchanging virtual muons, the quarks are bound inside protons and neutrons by exchanging virtual gluons), no real bosons of any type exist in an atom (although some atoms are themselves bosons even though they are entirely composed of fermions).
Gauge bosons are elementary particles (subatomic particles). An elementary particle is a substance that can not be broken down anymore. So to answer your question: Gauge bosons are the forces of what makes up nature. For example: Photon=electromagnetic force, gluon=strength, z and w bosons=weakness and gravitons=gravity (not yet observed). The different particles can be found on the Elementary particle table. I hope this partially answers your question.
The W bosons are named after the weak force. The additional particle was named the "Z particle", it was the last additional particle needed by the model - the W bosons had already been named - and that it has zero electric charge.
Some examples of bosons are photons (particle of light), W and Z bosons (mediate weak nuclear force), gluons (mediate strong nuclear force), and Higgs boson (associated with giving mass to particles).
Scalar bosons are particles with zero spin that play a crucial role in the Standard Model of particle physics. They are responsible for giving mass to other particles through the Higgs mechanism. The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 confirmed the existence of scalar bosons and provided important insights into the fundamental forces of nature.
neutrons, protons and electrons, quarks (up, down, to, bottom, strange, charm), fermions, leptons, bosons (photon, W boson, Higgs boson, gluon, graviton).
Molecules, and atoms that make up molecules. An atom is made of smaller particles called protons, electrons, and neutrons. Smaller to this are groups such as fermions, Hadrons, Bosons