Go buy a book about household AC power and "How to do Wiring Safely".
A dedicated wall outlet is the only one on the circuit.
A charger (like cable - plugs into an outlet) and charges from an outlet on the wall...?
Change the wall outlets
No reason not to as long as the wall outlet is the correct voltage. most are designed to be plugged into a 110v outlet.
an AC Adapter allows you to plug your computer into a standard wall outlet
No. Current does not come from a wall outlet unless the wall outlet is part of a complete circuit.
As close as you want. You must insall an outlet a minium of every 12 feet of wall space. If the wall is smaller that 24" it does not require an outlet.
If the outlet is on an outside wall there is a plastic boot that goesaround the outlet. The purpose of this boot is to keep the vapour barrier intact. The edges of this boot are then taped to the wall vapour barrier to make a complete air seal. The insulation goes behind the outlet boot which allows the wall R value to remain the same as the rest of the wall.
Electrical wall outlet having two plug receptacles.
any wall 2' or over
You can get a tester that plugs into the outlet at any home improvement store.
ask them how